End Effectors for Robotic Units Used to Open and Close Vehicle Doors

ABSTRACT

An end effector is disclosed that is configured for connection to a robotic unit used to manipulate a door of a vehicle (e.g., during vehicle painting). The end effector includes a base plate; a sensor that is supported by the base plate; and a piston that is configured for engagement with the door. The piston is operatively connected to an interrupter such that movement (displacement) of the piston causes corresponding movement (displacement) of the interrupter between a first position, in which the interrupter is positioned in alignment with a signal transmitted across the sensor to interfere with the signal and thereby interrupt circuit completion, and a second position, in which the interrupter is out of alignment with the signal transmitted across the sensor to permit circuit completion and thereby inform the robotic unit that the door is present and engaged with the end effector.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/674,163, filed Nov. 5, 2019, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to vehicle painting. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to end effectors for robotic units used to open and close vehicle doors during vehicle painting.

BACKGROUND

Many vehicle manufacturers employ robotic units during vehicle painting to not only open and close the doors of the vehicles, but to apply paint to the vehicles. Typically, one robotic unit is used to open and close the doors of the vehicles and another robotic unit is used for paint application. Usually, opening and closure of the doors is accomplished by inserting a tool (e.g., a pin, a paddle, a gripper, etc.) into the window channels in the doors or via other such comparable engagement. Before the doors are opened, however, the robotic units typically require confirmation that the vehicle door is not only present, but sufficiently engaged by the robotic unit, absent which, movement and operation of the robotic unit will cease.

The tools associated with known robotic units have several drawbacks. For example, known tools are often large, which creates an obstacle that may impede paint application as well as difficulties regarding insertion, removal, and operation, particularly in the context of smaller vehicles and/or vehicles with curved windows. Additionally, known tools often present programming challenges resulting from issues concerning vehicle door detection and confirmation of positive engagement with the vehicle door, and create a potential for loss of vehicle door detection and/or engagement (e.g., due to sudden conveyor stops that may release the necessary tension on the robotic unit required to maintain detection and/or engagement). It is also common

The present disclosure addresses these shortcomings by providing improved end effectors for robotic units used in connection with vehicle painting, which are configured for use with vehicle doors that include not only steel, but other materials as well (e.g., aluminum, plastic materials, polymeric materials, composite materials, carbon fiber, etc.).

SUMMARY

In one aspect of the present disclosure, an end effector is disclosed that is configured for connection to a robotic unit used to manipulate a door of a vehicle (e.g., during vehicle painting). The end effector includes a base plate; a sensor that is supported by the base plate; and a piston that is configured for engagement with the door. The piston is operatively (e.g., indirectly) connected to an interrupter such that movement (displacement) of the piston causes corresponding movement (displacement) of the interrupter between a first position, in which the interrupter is aligned with a signal transmitted across the sensor to interfere with the signal and thereby interrupt circuit completion, and a second position, in which the interrupter is out of alignment with the signal transmitted across the sensor to permit circuit completion and thereby inform the robotic unit that the door is present and engaged with the end effector.

In certain embodiments, the end effector may include a non-electrostatic material.

In certain embodiments, the end effector may be configured for connection to fiber optic transmission media such that the signal transmitted across the sensor is a fiber optic signal.

In certain embodiments, the piston may be indirectly connected to the interrupter.

In certain embodiments, the end effector may further include a biasing member that is configured to bias the interrupter towards the first position.

In certain embodiments, the piston may be configured for movement (displacement) along an axis that extends in generally orthogonal relation to the signal transmitted across the sensor.

In certain embodiments, the piston may be configured for linear, vertical movement (displacement) between the first position and the second position.

In certain embodiments, the end effector may further include a dowel that is configured for insertion into a window channel of the door.

In certain embodiments, the dowel may extend through the piston such that the dowel extends beyond a contact surface defined by the piston that is configured for contact with the door.

In certain embodiments, the piston may define a sleeve that is configured to receive the dowel such that the sleeve circumscribes the dowel.

In certain embodiments, the piston may include an outer wall defining an arc that spans approximately 90° to allow for relative rotation between the dowel and the door while maintaining engagement between the dowel and the door.

In certain embodiments, the end effector may further include a dowel mount that is configured to secure the dowel in relation to the base plate.

In certain embodiments, the end effector may further include a bearing that is received by the dowel mount.

In certain embodiments, the bearing may be configured to support movement (displacement) of the piston as the interrupter moves between the first position and the second position.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, an end effector is disclosed that is configured for connection to a robotic unit used to manipulate a door of a vehicle. The end effector includes a fixed member that is configured for insertion into a window channel defined by the door, and a movable member that is configured for contact with the door. The movable member is positioned about the fixed member such that the end effector is reconfigurable between a passive configuration, in which signal transmission across the end effector is obstructed to prevent circuit completion, and an active configuration, in which signal transmission across the end effector is unobstructed to allow for circuit completion to thereby inform the robotic unit that the door is present and engaged with the end effector.

In certain embodiments, the movable member may be operatively (e.g., indirectly) connected to an interrupter such that reconfiguration of the end effector causes corresponding repositioning of the interrupter.

In certain embodiments, the interrupter may be aligned with a fiber optic beam transmitted across the end effector when the end effector is in the passive configuration and misaligned with the fiber optic beam when the end effector is in the active configuration.

In certain embodiments, the end effector may be biased towards the passive configuration.

In certain embodiments, the movable member may be configured for movement (displacement) along an axis that extends in generally orthogonal relation to the fiber optic beam.

In certain embodiments, the movable member may define a sleeve that is configured to receive the fixed member such that the sleeve circumscribes the fixed member.

In certain embodiments, the movable member may include an outer wall defining an arc that spans approximately 90° to allow for relative rotation between the fixed member and the door while maintaining engagement between the fixed member and the door.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, a method is disclosed for detecting the presence of a vehicle door and engagement between the vehicle door and an end effector of a door-opening robotic unit. The method includes inserting a dowel of the end effector into a window channel of the vehicle door and displacing a piston relative to the dowel via contact with the vehicle door to cause corresponding displacement (movement) of an interrupter that is operatively (e.g., indirectly) connected to the piston to allow for the completion of a circuit to thereby inform the door-opening robotic unit that the vehicle door is present and engaged by the end effector.

In certain embodiments, displacement of the interrupter may include moving the interrupter out of alignment with a signal transmitted across a sensor of the end effector.

In certain embodiments, the method may further include transmitting a fiber optic beam across the sensor.

In certain embodiments, the interrupter may be aligned with the fiber optic beam prior to displacement (movement) of the piston and the interrupter such that the interrupter obstructs the fiber optic beam and thereby prevents completion of the circuit.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, an end effector is disclosed that is configured for connection to a robotic unit used to manipulate a vehicle door (e.g., during vehicle painting). The end effector includes: a mounting flange that is configured for connection to the robotic unit; a main block that is connected to the mounting flange; a proximity sensor that is supported by the main block and which is in communication with the robotic unit; and a piston assembly that is movable through the main block and which defines a contact surface that is configured for engagement with the vehicle door. The piston assembly is connected to a proximity switch such that, via movement of the piston assembly, the proximity switch is repositionable between a normal position, in which the proximity switch is generally aligned with the proximity sensor, and a displaced position, in which the proximity switch is out of alignment with the proximity sensor to thereby inform the robotic unit that the vehicle door is present and engaged with the end effector.

In certain embodiments, the proximity switch may include a ferromagnetic material.

In certain embodiments, the piston assembly may be configured for linear, vertical movement through the main block.

In certain embodiments, the end effector may further include a dowel assembly that is configured for insertion into a window channel of the vehicle door.

In certain embodiments, the dowel assembly may be connected to the main block and may extend through the piston assembly such that the dowel assembly extends beyond the contact surface.

In certain embodiments, the piston assembly may include a piston and a piston shaft that is operatively (e.g., indirectly) connected to the piston.

In certain embodiments, the piston assembly may further include a piston mount that is connected to the piston and the piston shaft.

In certain embodiments, the proximity switch may be connected to the piston shaft.

In certain embodiments, the piston shaft may extend through the dowel assembly.

In certain embodiments, the end effector may further include a bearing that is positioned between the main block and the dowel assembly and which facilitates movement of the piston shaft during repositioning of the proximity switch between the normal position and the displaced position.

In certain embodiments, the end effector may further include a biasing member that is supported by the piston shaft such that the biasing member is positioned between the bearing and the piston mount to thereby bias the proximity switch towards the normal position.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, an end effector is disclosed that is configured for connection to a robotic unit used to manipulate a vehicle door (e.g., during vehicle painting) and which includes a main block and a piston assembly. The main block is configured for operative connection to a pressurized air source such that pressurized air is communicable through the main block to inhibit paint overspray and/or any intrusion of matter into the end effector. The piston assembly is movable through the main block upon engagement with the vehicle door to thereby trigger a proximity sensor and inform the robotic unit that the vehicle door is present and engaged with the end effector.

In certain embodiments, the main block may include an air manifold that is configured for communication with the pressurized air source to facilitate flow of the pressurized air through the main block.

In certain embodiments, the air manifold may extend about a periphery of the main block.

In certain embodiments, the end effector may further include a dowel assembly that is connected to the main block and which extends through the piston assembly such that the dowel assembly is engageable with the vehicle door.

In certain embodiments, the dowel assembly may include at least one air hole that extends therethrough.

In certain embodiments, the at least one air hole may be in communication with the air manifold to facilitate flow of the pressurized air through the dowel assembly.

In certain embodiments, the main block may include at least one airflow pocket that is in communication with the air manifold.

In certain embodiments, the at least one airflow pocket may be generally aligned with the at least one air hole extending through the dowel assembly to direct the pressurized air from the air manifold through the at least one air hole.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, a method is disclosed for using a robotic unit to open a vehicle door during manufacture (e.g., during painting). The method includes contacting the vehicle door with an end effector that is connected to the robotic unit to thereby displace a proximity switch that is supported internally within the end effector and inform the robotic unit that the vehicle door is present and engaged by the end effector and flowing pressurized air through the end effector to inhibit paint overspray and/or any intrusion of matter into the end effector.

In certain embodiments, contacting the vehicle door may include displacing a piston assembly of the end effector.

In certain embodiments, the proximity switch may be connected to the piston assembly.

In certain embodiments, flowing pressurized air through the end effector may include pressurizing a main block that is configured to accommodate movement of the piston assembly during displacement.

In certain embodiments, pressurizing the main block may include flowing the pressurized air through an air manifold defined by the main block such that the pressurized air is communicated through a dowel assembly.

In certain embodiments, the dowel assembly may be connected to the main block and may extend through the piston assembly such that the dowel assembly is engageable with the vehicle door.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

According to common practice, the various features of the drawings may not be to scale, and may be arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity.

FIG. 1 is a side, plan view of a robotic unit for use in connection with the application of paint to a vehicle and including an end effector shown engaged with a vehicle door.

FIG. 2 is a side, plan view of the end effector.

FIG. 3A is a side, perspective view of the end effector prior to engagement with the vehicle door shown with a proximal (upper) cover removed.

FIG. 3B is a side, perspective view of the end effector upon positive engagement with the vehicle door shown with the proximal (upper) cover removed.

FIG. 4 is a partial, top, perspective view of the end effector with parts separated.

FIG. 5 is a partial, top, perspective view of the end effector with parts separated.

FIG. 6 is a partial, top, perspective view of the end effector with parts separated.

FIG. 7 is a partial, side, perspective view of the end effector with a sensor shown separated from a sensor bracket.

FIG. 8 is a top, perspective view of a wrist bracket of the end effector.

FIG. 9 is a bottom, perspective view of a base plate of the end effector.

FIG. 10 is a top, perspective view of the sensor bracket seen in FIG. 7.

FIG. 11 is a side, perspective view of a piston of the end effector.

FIG. 12 is a bottom, perspective view of the piston seen in FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is a top, plan view of a dowel mount of the end effector.

FIG. 14 is a top, perspective view of the dowel mount seen in FIG. 13 shown with a dowel of the end effector.

FIG. 15 is a bottom, perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the presently disclosed end effector shown connected to the robotic unit.

FIG. 16 is a longitudinal (vertical) cross-sectional view of the end effector seen in FIG. 15 shown in a passive configuration prior to engagement with the vehicle door.

FIG. 17 is a longitudinal (vertical), cross-sectional view of the end effector seen in FIG. 15 shown in an active configuration upon positive engagement with the vehicle door.

FIG. 18 is a bottom, perspective view of the end effector seen in FIG. 15 with parts separated.

FIG. 19 is a partial, top, perspective view of the end effector seen in FIG. 15 illustrating a mounting flange and a main block shown separated.

FIG. 20 is a bottom, perspective view of the main block seen in FIG. 19.

FIG. 21 is a partial, bottom, perspective view of the end effector seen in FIG. 15 illustrating a dowel assembly shown separated from the main block.

FIG. 22 is a partial, bottom, perspective view of a piston assembly of the end effector seen in FIG. 15.

FIG. 23 is a bottom, perspective view of a piston component of the piston assembly.

FIG. 24 is a partial, bottom, perspective view of the end effector seen in FIG. 15 illustrating the flow of pressurized air therethrough.

FIG. 25 is a longitudinal (vertical), cross-sectional, perspective view of the end effector seen in FIG. 15 illustrating the flow of pressurized air therethrough.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure describes various embodiments and implementations of robotic systems used in connection with the application of paint to vehicles. The systems described herein include a door-opening robotic unit with an end effector that is configured to engage and open the doors of a vehicle to facilitate the application of paint to the vehicle (e.g., to the interior of the vehicle) by an additional robotic unit. The end effector includes a dowel that is configured for insertion into the window channels of the doors to allow for positive engagement of, and control over, the doors by the robotic unit via the end effector. Prior to movement of the doors, however, confirmation must be provided to the robotic unit that the doors are not only present, but positively engaged by the end effector. To this end, in one embodiment, the end effector includes a movable piston that is displaced during insertion of the dowel into the window channel such that displacement (movement) of the piston causes corresponding displacement (movement) of an interrupter to allow for the completion of a circuit (e.g., a fiber optic circuit), which provides the robotic unit with the requisite confirmation. In another embodiment of the disclosure, displacement (movement) of the piston causes corresponding displacement (movement) of a proximity switch out of alignment with a proximity sensor so as to provide the robotic unit with the requisite confirmation.

Compared to known technologies, the robotic systems, units, and end effectors described herein offer reductions in size and weight and improved paint drip performance. Additionally, the robotic systems, units, and end effectors described herein offer a reduced risk of marring wet paint on vehicle doors, improved flexibility in programming of the robotic units by allowing for vehicle door detection and confirmation of positive engagement independent of the angle of the robotic unit, and universal interchangeability. More specifically, the end effectors described herein are configured for use with any door on the vehicle, regardless of whether the door is a front or rear door and regardless of whether the door is located on the driver side or the passenger side of the vehicle, thereby eliminating the need for a variety of end effectors that are capable of reconfiguration. Additionally, the end effectors described herein allow for increases in throughput by reducing (if not entirely eliminating) faults associated with false indications of detection and/or engagement. The end effectors described herein also provide for increased utility and robust usage in that they are configured for use with vehicle doors that include (e.g., are formed from) steel and other materials, such as, for example, aluminum, plastic materials, polymeric materials, composite materials, carbon fiber, etc.

With reference to FIG. 1, a robotic unit 1 is illustrated for use in connection with the application of paint to a vehicle V. The robotic unit 1 includes an end effector 10, which is the subject of the present disclosure, that is configured to individually engage and manipulate (e.g., open and close) doors D of the vehicle to facilitate the application of paint to the vehicle V (e.g., to interior portions of the vehicle V) by an additional robotic unit (not shown) per industry convention. More specifically, as described in further detail below, the end effector 10 is configured for engagement with a window channel C in each door D that is defined by, and which extends between, respective inner and outer surfaces Di, Do of the door D. So as not to interfere with the application of paint to vehicles, it is envisioned that certain components of the end effector 10 (e.g., external components) may include (e.g., may be formed partially or entirely from) one or more non-electrostatic materials, such as, for example, polylactic acid plastic (PLA), whereas certain components of the end effector 10 (e.g., internal components) may include (e.g., may be formed partially or entirely from) one or more metallic materials (e.g., aluminum, steel, etc.).

Referring to FIGS. 2-14 as well, the end effector 10 will be discussed in detail. Throughout the following discussion, the term “proximal” should be understood as referring to that end or portion of a component that is closest to the robotic unit 1 (FIG. 1), whereas the term “distal” should be understood as referring to that end or portion of a component that is furthest from the robotic unit 1. Additionally, the use of terms such as “operatively connected,” “operatively engaged,” and the like should be understood to encompass any manner of connection between components, whether direct or indirect, that supports the intended functionality of the components.

The end effector 10 is configured for releasable connection to the robotic unit 1 (FIG. 1) and provides for increased vertical spacing between the surfaces on the vehicle door D contacted by the end effector 10 (e.g., the inner surface Di adjacent to the window channel C) and an arm 2 of the robotic unit 1. The end effector 10 is resiliently reconfigurable between a passive (first) configuration (FIGS. 2, 3A) and an active (second) configuration (FIG. 3B) during engagement with and disengagement from the door D. As described in detail below, the end effector 10 includes a proximal (upper) cover 100; a wrist bracket 200; a base plate 300; a sensor bracket 400 supporting a sensor 500; an interrupter 600; a dowel mount 700; a dowel 800; one or more piston shafts 900; one or more biasing members 1000; one or more bearings 1100; a piston mount (ring) 1200; a piston 1300; and a distal (lower) cover 1400.

The proximal cover 100 is configured to conceal and/or protect various components of the end effector 10 (e.g., the wrist bracket 200; the base plate 300; the sensor bracket 400; the sensor 500; the interrupter 600; etc.), as well as the various fasteners used to connect the components, so as to inhibit (if not entirely prevent) damage, paint overspray, and/or the intrusion of matter (e.g., paint, dust, debris, etc.). In the particular embodiment of the disclosure seen throughout the figures, the proximal cover 100 includes (e.g., is formed partially or entirely from) a non-electrostatic material, such as, for example, polylactic acid plastic (PLA), so as not to interfere with the application of paint to the vehicle V and is formed via a 3-D printing process. It should be appreciated, however, that the proximal cover 100 may include any material (or combination of materials) suitable for the intended purposes described above and may be formed through any suitable method of manufacture.

As seen in FIGS. 1-3B, for example, the proximal cover 100 includes radiused edges and corner sections, which facilitates and promotes enveloping of the proximal cover 100 by a paint-absorbent wrap (not shown) during painting so as to inhibit (if not entirely prevent) paint from contacting the end effector 10 during application to the vehicle V.

The wrist bracket 200 is configured to facilitate connection of the end effector 10 to the robotic unit 1 via a wrist W that supports a connector block (bulkhead) (not shown) so as to establish pneumatic as well as fiber optic and/or electrical connectivity between the end effector 10 and the robotic unit 1.

In the particular embodiment of the disclosure seen throughout the figures, the wrist bracket 200 includes (e.g., is formed partially or entirely from) a non-electrostatic material, such as, for example, polylactic acid plastic (PLA), so as not to interfere with the application of paint to the vehicle V. It should be appreciated, however, that the wrist bracket 200 may include any material (or combination of materials) suitable for the intended purpose of facilitating connection of the end effector 10 to the robotic unit 1 via the wrist W and that the wrist bracket 200 may be formed through any suitable method of manufacture (e.g., 3-D printing, machining, casting, etc.).

The wrist bracket 200 is generally U-shaped in configuration and defines a vertical channel 202 (FIG. 8) that not only reduces the overall weight of the wrist bracket 200 but provides a working space to facilitate assembly and disassembly of the end effector 10 (e.g., connection and disconnection of the sensor 500 and the sensor bracket 400, connection of the sensor 500 to a fiber optic source (not shown), etc.). The wrist bracket 200 includes a plurality of vertical apertures 204 v (FIG. 8) that are configured and dimensioned to receive corresponding fasteners (e.g., screws) to facilitate (removable) connection of the proximal cover 100 to the wrist bracket 200 and connection of the wrist bracket 200 to the base plate 300 as well as a series of transverse apertures 204 t that are formed in a rear wall 206. More specifically, the wrist bracket 200 includes one or more apertures 204 vi that are configured to received one or more fasteners 208 i (FIGS. 3A, 3B, 7) to removably connect the proximal cover 100 to the wrist bracket 200; a series of apertures 204 vii that are configured to receive fasteners 208 ii to removably connect the wrist bracket 200 to the base plate 300; an aperture 204 ti that is configured to receive transmission media T (FIG. 7) (e.g., one or more fiber optic and/or electrical cables), pneumatic lines, etc., to support movement and operation of the end effector 10 in the manner described hereinbelow; and a series of apertures 204 tii that are configured to receive fasteners (e.g., screws) (not shown) to facilitate (removable) connection of the wrist W to the wrist bracket 200. Although the wrist bracket 200 is shown as including a single aperture 204 vi, a single fastener 208 i, four apertures 204 vii, and four fasteners 208 ii in the illustrated, it should be appreciated that the particular number (and/or location) of the apertures 204 and the fasteners 208 may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Additionally, although the wrist bracket 200 is shown as including apertures 204 tii that are arranged in a generally square-shaped pattern in the illustrated embodiment (e.g., to facilitate connection to a particular wrist W and a particular robotic unit 1), it is envisioned that the number and/or orientation of the apertures 204 tii may be varied in alternate embodiments of the disclosure to facilitate use with any wrist W and any robotic unit 1.

In the illustrated embodiment, the wrist bracket 200 further includes an aperture 204 tiii that is configured to receive an airline (not shown) to facilitate internal pressurization of the end effector 10 (e.g., to maintain cleanliness, remove debris, etc.). It should be appreciated, however, that the aperture 204 tiii may be eliminated in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

The base plate 300 (FIGS. 2-7, 9) supports the various components of the end effector 10, either directly or indirectly, and includes (e.g., is formed partially or entirely from) a non-electrostatic material, such as, for example, polylactic acid plastic (PLA), so as not to interfere with the application of paint to the vehicle V. It should be appreciated, however, that the base plate 300 may include any suitable material (or combination of materials) and that the base plate 300 may be formed through any suitable method of manufacture (e.g., 3-D printing, machining, casting, etc.).

The base plate 300 includes a first end portion 302 (FIGS. 6, 9) having a generally rectangular longitudinal (horizontal) cross-sectional configuration and a second end portion 304 that extends from the first end portion 302. The second end portion 304 has a generally arcuate (e.g., semi-circular) longitudinal (horizontal) cross-sectional configuration. Although shown as being unitary (e.g., integral, monolithic) in construction throughout the figures, embodiments in which the base plate 300 may include a series of discrete components would not be beyond the scope of the present disclosure.

As seen in FIG. 9, for example, the base plate 300 includes a variable transverse (vertical) dimension (height) Hb (e.g., to reduce the space occupied by the base plate 300 and the overall weight thereof), which creates sufficient stroke length for the end effector 10 (i.e., vertical travel of the piston 1300, as described in further detail below) while reducing the overall space occupied by the base plate 300. More specifically, the base plate 300 includes a first region 306 defining a first height Hbi and a second region 308 defining a second height Hbii that is less than the first height Hbi. The respective first and second regions 306, 308 are separated by a transition 310 that includes a radiused edge 312, which reduces the presence of corners, thus simplifying cleaning of the end effector 10 as well as assembly and disassembly (e.g., during maintenance and/or part replacement).

In the specific embodiment of the base plate 300 seen throughout the figures, the transition 310 is illustrated as being located within the first end portion 302. Embodiments are envisioned, however, in which the particular location of the transition 310 may be varied (e.g., such that the transition 310 is located closer to (or further from) the second end portion 304), as are embodiments that are devoid of the transition 310 in which the base plate 300 defines a uniform height Hb.

The base plate 300 includes a proximal (upper) surface 314 defining a pocket (or other such recess) 316. Although shown as being generally rectangular in the embodiment seen throughout the figures, it is envisioned that the particular configuration of the pocket 316 may be varied without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The proximal surface 314 of the base plate 300 includes a first series of apertures 318 i (FIG. 6) that are configured to receive the fasteners 208 ii (FIGS. 3A, 3B, 7) extending through the wrist bracket 200 to thereby connect the wrist bracket 200 to the base plate 300 as well as one or more additional apertures 318 ii (FIGS. 4, 6) that are configured to receive fasteners 320 ii (e.g., screws) to thereby (removably) connect the sensor bracket 400 to the base plate 300, as described in further detail below. The base plate 300 further includes a series of apertures 318 iii (FIG. 6) extending through the base plate 300 (e.g., in the second region 308) that are configured to receive fasteners 320 iii (e.g., screws) to thereby (removably) connect the base plate 300 to the dowel mount 700, as well as one or more openings 322 that are configured to receive the bearing(s) 1100 and, thus, the piston shaft(s) 900, to allow for vertical movement (displacement) of the piston shaft(s) 900 relative to (and through) the base plate 300 during use of the end effector 10, as described in further detail below. To facilitate secured reception of the bearing(s) 1100 by the base plate 300, and prevent the bearing(s) 1100 from exiting the base plate 300 through the proximal surface 314 thereof, the opening(s) 322 may include an inwardly extending projection (shoulder) 324 (FIG. 9) that is configured for contact (engagement) with proximal (upper) end(s) 1102 of the bearing(s) 1100.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, such as that seen throughout the figures, the base plate 300 further includes a receptacle 326 (FIG. 9) formed in a distal (lower) surface 328 thereof. The receptacle 326 is configured to receive a magnet 330 and extends partially through the base plate 300 (towards the proximal surface 314). The magnet 330 is configured for contact with the dowel 800 to increase the retention force when the end effector 10 is in the passive configuration (e.g., prior to engagement with the door D of the vehicle V) to reduce (if not entirely eliminate) inadvertent movement of the piston 1300 and, thus, the likelihood that the end effector 10 may falsely identify positive engagement with the door D.

Although shown as being generally circular in the embodiment seen throughout the figures, it is envisioned that the particular configurations of the receptacle 326 and the magnet 330 may be varied without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

With reference now to FIGS. 4, 7, and 10, the sensor bracket 400 and the sensor 500, each of which is supported by the base plate 300, will be discussed. The sensor bracket 400 is configured to support the sensor 500 and, in the illustrated embodiment, includes (e.g., is formed partially or entirely from) polylactic acid plastic (PLA). It should be appreciated, however, that the sensor bracket 400 may include (e.g., may be formed partially or entirely from) any suitable non-electrostatic material (or combination of materials) so as not to interfere with the application of paint to the vehicle V and that the sensor bracket 400 may be formed through any suitable method of manufacture (e.g., 3-D printing, machining, casting, etc.). Although shown as being unitary (e.g., integral, monolithic) in construction throughout the figures, embodiments in which the sensor bracket 400 may include discrete components would not be beyond the scope of the present disclosure.

The sensor bracket 400 is secured to the base plate 300 adjacent to the wrist bracket 200. In certain embodiments, such as that seen throughout the figures, the sensor bracket 400 may be configured to overhang the pocket 316 in the base plate 300 (as seen in FIG. 7, for example) such that a portion of the sensor bracket 400 extends into and above the pocket 316, as elaborated upon below.

The sensor bracket 400 is generally L-shaped in configuration and includes respective first and second legs 402, 404 (FIG. 10) that extend in generally orthogonal relation. The first leg 402 includes one or more apertures 406 that are configured to receive the fasteners 320 ii (FIG. 4) such that the fasteners 320 ii extend through the first leg 402 of the sensor bracket 400 into the apertures 318 ii in the base plate 300 to thereby secure the sensor bracket 400 to the base plate 300. The second leg 404 includes one or more apertures 408 (FIGS. 4, 10) that are configured to receive fasteners 410 (e.g., screws) (FIGS. 3A, 4) such that the fasteners 410 extend through the sensor 500 to thereby (removably) secure the sensor 500 to the sensor bracket 400 and, thus, fix the sensor 500 in relation to the base plate 300. To further secure the sensor 500 in relation to the sensor bracket 400, it is envisioned that one or more retainers 412 (e.g., washers, clips, etc.) (FIG. 4) may be utilized.

The sensor 500 is configured to communicate, generate, or otherwise transmit a signal S that provides confirmation to the robotic unit 1 that the door D is present and engaged by the end effector 10. More specifically, the sensor 500 is configured for connection to the transmission media T so as to communicate, generate, or otherwise transmit a beam B across a gap 502 defined by the sensor 500 in generally orthogonal relation to the direction of extension of the transmission media T through the wrist bracket 200 and the wrist W. In the specific embodiment of the disclosure seen throughout the figures, for example, the transmission media T and the sensor 500 are configured for connection to a fiber optic source (not shown) such that the sensor 500 communicates, generates, or otherwise transmits a fiber optic signal S to the robotic unit 1 during use.

As indicated above, the sensor bracket 400 and, thus, the sensor 500, may overhang the pocket 316 in the base plate 300 such that the pocket 316 is positioned beneath the sensor 500. The rectangular, elongate configuration of the pocket 316 in the base plate 300 not only provides operating space that facilitates access to and/or manipulation of the sensor 500, but facilitates connection and disconnection of the base plate 300, the sensor bracket 400, and the sensor 500 as well as the receipt (or other such accommodation) of the transmission media T and proper relative orientation of the sensor 500 and the interrupter 600, as discussed in further detail below.

The interrupter 600 is supported by the base plate 300 such that the interrupter 600 is movable between a first (normal) position (FIG. 3A) and a second (displaced) position (FIG. 3B) as the end effector 10 transitions between the passive configuration and the active configuration. In the first position, the interrupter 600 extends into the gap 502 defined by the sensor 500 and is aligned with the signal S so as to obstruct, block, or otherwise interfere with the signal S, thereby interrupting circuit completion so as to inform the robotic unit 1 that the door D has not been engaged by the end effector 10. In the second position, the interrupter 600 is displaced from (e.g., positioned above) the gap 502 and is positioned out of alignment with the signal S, thereby permitting unobstructed communication of the signal S across the sensor 500 and the completion of a circuit so as to confirm the presence of the door D and engagement of the door D by the end effector 10 for the robotic unit 1.

The interrupter 600 may include (e.g., may be formed partially or entirely from) any material (or combination of materials) suitable for the intended purpose of interrupting the signal S and may be formed through any suitable method of manufacture (e.g., 3-D printing, machining, casting, etc.). In the embodiment seen throughout the figures, for example, the interrupter 600 includes (e.g., is formed partially or entirely from) carbon steel. It should be appreciated, however, that other materials of construction may be utilized without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

The interrupter 600 includes a body portion 602 (FIGS. 5, 7) and a flag 604 that extends from the body portion 602 towards the sensor 500. The body portion 602 defines one or more apertures 606, each of which is configured to receive a fastener 608 (e.g., a screw) so as to (removably) secure the interrupter 600 to the piston shaft(s) 900 such that movement (displacement) of the piston shaft(s) 900 causes corresponding movement (displacement) of the interrupter 600. The flag 604 is configured for receipt within the gap 502 defined by the sensor 500 such that the flag 604 moves into and out of the gap 502 during movement (displacement) of the interrupter 600 between the first and second positions to allow for interruption and completion of the circuit in correspondence with engagement and disengagement of the end effector 10 and the door D, as described in further detail below.

With reference now to FIGS. 6, 13, and 14 in particular, the dowel mount 700 will be discussed. The dowel mount 700 supports movement (displacement) of the piston shaft(s) 900 and, thus, the interrupter 600, during engagement and disengagement of the end effector 10 and the door D. The dowel mount 700 may include (e.g., may be formed partially or entirely from) any material (or combination of materials) suitable for this intended purpose and may be formed through any suitable method of manufacture (e.g., 3-D printing, machining, casting, etc.). In the embodiment seen throughout the figures, for example, the dowel mount 700 includes (e.g., is formed partially or entirely from) aluminum. It should be appreciated, however, that other materials of construction may be utilized without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

The dowel mount 700 defines an overall contour that corresponds to that of the base plate 300 and, in the illustrated embodiment, includes respective proximal (upper) and (distal) lower surfaces 702, 704 that are connected by a pair of arcuate end walls 706, 708 and a pair of sidewalls 710, 712 so as to define corner sections 714 i-714 iv. To reduce the presence of corners, and thereby simplify cleaning of the end effector 10 as well as assembly and disassembly (e.g., during maintenance and/or part replacement), one or more edges (interfaces) defined by the surfaces 702, 704, the end walls 706, 708, and the sidewalls 710, 712 may be radiused, as seen throughout the figures. In the particular embodiment of the dowel mount 700 illustrated, the respective upper and lower surfaces 702, 704 and the sidewalls 710, 712 are each generally planar in configuration. It is envisioned that the generally planar configuration of the surfaces 702, 704 and the end walls 710, 712 may facilitate manufacture (machining) of the dowel mount 700 by providing flat surfaces in which the various apertures (described below) are formed.

The dowel mount 700 is positioned adjacent to (e.g., in contact with) the distal surface 328 of the base plate 300 and includes a first series of apertures 716 that are in registration (alignment) with the apertures 318 iii in the base plate 300 such that the fasteners 320 iii extend through the base plate 300 into the apertures 716 in the dowel mount 700 to thereby connect the dowel mount 700 to the base plate 300. The dowel mount 700 further includes one or more openings 718 that are in registration with the opening(s) 322 formed in the base plate 300. The openings 718 are configured to receive the bearing(s) 1100 and, thus, the piston shaft(s) 900, to allow for vertical movement (displacement) of the piston shaft(s) 900 relative to (and through) the dowel mount 700 and the base plate 300 during use of the end effector 10, as described in further detail below. To facilitate secured reception of the bearing(s) 1100 by the dowel mount 700, and prevent the bearing(s) 1100 from exiting the dowel mount 700 through the distal surface 704 thereof, as discussed above in connection with the base plate 300, the opening(s) 718 may include an inwardly extending projection (shoulder) 720 that is configured for contact (engagement) with distal (lower) end(s) 1104 of the bearing(s) 1100.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, such as that seen throughout the figures, the dowel mount 700 further includes an opening 722 in registration (alignment) with the receptacle 326 formed in the distal surface 328 of the base plate 300 (and the magnet 330 positioned within the receptacle 326). The opening 722 receives the dowel 800 such that the dowel 800 extends into the dowel mount 700, thereby facilitating contact between the dowel 800 and the magnet 330 to increase the retaining force when the end effector 10 is inactive and reduce (if not entirely eliminate) a false indication of positive engagement with the door D, as mentioned above. Although the dowel 800 is shown as being generally flush (e.g., coextensive) with the proximal surface 702 of the dowel mount 700 throughout the figures, it should be appreciated that the dowel 800 may extend above or below the proximal surface 702 of the dowel mount 700 in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, and that the (vertical) position (and or dimensions) of the magnet 330 may be varied accordingly.

To (removably) connect the dowel 800 to the dowel mount 700, and thereby inhibit (if not entirely prevent) relative movement therebetween, in certain embodiments, such as that seen throughout the figures, the end effector 10 may include a fastener 724 (e.g., a screw) that extends through a first aperture 726 in the sidewall 710, through the dowel 800 via an aperture 802, and into a second aperture 728 in the sidewall 712 to thereby connect the dowel 800 to the dowel mount 700 and fix the position of the dowel 800. In the particular embodiment illustrated, the fastener 724 includes a threaded end 730 that is configured for engagement with corresponding threading 732 in the aperture 728.

To facilitate (removable) connection of the dowel mount to the distal cover 1400, the dowel mount 700 further includes one or more apertures 734 that are configured to receive fasteners 736 (e.g., screws), as described in further detail below. Although shown as being positioned adjacent to the interfaces between the end walls 706, 708 and the sidewalls 710, 712 (e.g., in the corner sections 714 i-714 iv of the dowel mount 700) in the illustrated embodiment, it is envisioned that the particular location of the aperture(s) 734 may be varied without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 14 in particular, the dowel 800 is configured for insertion into the window channel C such that the end effector 10 is securely engaged with the door D, which allows for manipulation (e.g., opening and closure) of the door D via the robotic unit 1. The dowel 800 may include (e.g., may be formed partially or entirely from) any material (or combination of materials) suitable for this intended purpose and may be formed through any suitable method of manufacture (e.g., 3-D printing, machining, casting, etc.). In the embodiment seen throughout the figures, for example, the dowel 800 includes (e.g., is formed partially or entirely from) a non-electrostatic material, such as, for example, polylactic acid plastic (PLA), so as not to interfere with the application of paint to the vehicle V. It should be appreciated, however, that other materials of construction may be utilized without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Although shown as being unitary (e.g., integral, monolithic) in construction throughout the figures, embodiments in which the dowel 800 may include a series of discrete components would not be beyond the scope of the present disclosure.

The dowel 800 extends along a longitudinal axis Xd and includes a shaft 804 having respective proximal (upper) and distal (lower) ends 806, 808, and a tip portion 810 located adjacent to the distal end 808 of the shaft 804. The proximal end 806 of the shaft 804 is configured for insertion into the opening 722 in the dowel mount 700 and includes the aforementioned aperture 802, which extends transversely (e.g., orthogonally) in relation to the longitudinal axis Xd of the dowel 800. To facilitate connection of the dowel 800 and the dowel mount 700 (e.g., insertion of the dowel 800 into the opening 722 in the dowel mount 700), in certain embodiments, such as that seen throughout the figures, the proximal end 806 of the dowel 800 may include a chamfer 812.

As seen throughout the figures, the tip portion 810 of the dowel 800 includes a frusto-conical configuration that tapers inwardly to define an apex 814. Upon engagement of the dowel 800 with the door D of the vehicle V, and insertion of the tip portion 810 into the window channel C, the frusto-conical configuration of the tip portion 810 allows for relative movement between the door D and the dowel 800 during manipulation of the door D by the end effector 10. More specifically, as the end effector 10 moves towards and away from the vehicle V during opening and closure of the door D, the door D pivots about the dowel 800, whereby the longitudinal axis Xd (FIG. 14) defined by the dowel 800 also defines an axis of relative rotation between the end effector 10 and the door D. As the door D pivots about the dowel 800, secured engagement between the door D and the end effector 10 is preserved via contact between the window channel C and the tip portion 810 of the dowel 800.

It is also envisioned that frusto-conical configuration of the tip portion 810 may allow for lateral movement (displacement) (e.g., sliding) of the dowel 800 within the window channel C during opening and closure of the door D, which may not only allow for additional range of motion, but may reduce stresses applied to the robotic unit 1 (FIG. 1). The frusto-conical configuration of the tip portion 810 may thus allow for not only relative rotational movement (displacement) between the end effector 10 and the door D, but relative linear movement (displacement) as well.

The inward taper defined by the frusto-conical configuration of the tip portion 810 promotes repeatable and predictable positive engagement with the vehicle door D by guiding the tip portion 810 into proper positioning within the window channel C when compared to known end effectors, which are often generally paddle-shaped members that are generally linear (planar) in configuration. The repeatable and predictable placement facilitated by the configuration of the end effector 10 reduces (if not entirely eliminates) halts during operation that may otherwise be caused by misplacement and false indications of detection and/or engagement, thus reducing the overall time required for task completion and the associated costs.

With reference now to FIGS. 4 and 5, the piston shaft(s) 900 will be discussed. The piston shaft(s) 900 support controlled, linear movement (displacement) of the piston 1300 and, thus, the interrupter 600, during use of the end effector 10, as described in further detail below. More specifically, the piston 1300 is vertically movable (in the proximal and distal directions) along an axis Xm (FIG. 4) that extends in generally parallel relation to the longitudinal axis Xd (FIG. 14) defined by the dowel 800 and in generally orthogonal relation to the signal S (FIG. 7) communicated, generated, or otherwise transmitted across the sensor 500. The piston shaft(s) 900 may include (e.g., may be formed partially or entirely from) any material (or combination of materials) suitable for this intended purpose and may be formed through any suitable method of manufacture (e.g., 3-D printing, machining, casting, etc.). In the embodiment seen throughout the figures, for example, the piston shaft(s) 900 include (e.g., are formed partially or entirely from) aluminum and are unitary (e.g., integral, monolithic) in construction. It should be appreciated, however, that other materials of construction may be utilized without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

In the particular embodiment seen throughout the figures, the end effector 10 includes two piston shafts 900 that are separated by approximately 180°. It is envisioned, however, that the particular number of piston shafts 900, and/or the precise location(s) of the piston shaft(s) 900, may be varied without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. As such, embodiments of the end effector 10 including greater and fewer numbers of piston shafts 900 are envisioned herein, as are embodiments in which the spacing between the piston shaft(s) 900 may be increased or decreased.

Each piston shaft 900 is identical in configuration and is configuration for coaxial reception by a corresponding biasing member 1000 (e.g., a spring 1002) such that the biasing member(s) 1000 are supported by the piston shaft(s) 900 between the piston mount 1200 and the dowel mount 700 to thereby bias the end effector 10 towards the passive configuration (FIG. 3A) and, thus, bias the interrupter 600 towards the first position. Although shown as including a single biasing member 1000 in the embodiment of the end effector 10 seen throughout the figures, it should be appreciated that one or more biasing member(s) 1000 may be included without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

In certain implementations, it is envisioned that the biasing member(s) 1000 may be configured to exert a biasing force when the end effector 10 is in the passive configuration (e.g., prior to engagement with the door D of the vehicle V), and that such biasing force may either replace or supplement the retention force applied by the magnet 330 (FIG. 9) to reduce (if not entirely eliminate) inadvertent movement of the piston 1300 and, thus, the likelihood that the end effector 10 may falsely identify positive engagement with the door D.

Each piston shaft 900 is generally cylindrical (tubular) in configuration and includes respective proximal and distal ends 902, 904. The proximal end 902 of each piston shaft 900 defines an aperture 906 that is configured to (removably) receive one of the fasteners 608 extending through the interrupter 600 to secure the interrupter 600 to the piston shaft(s) 900 such that movement (displacement) of the piston shaft(s) 900 causes corresponding movement (displacement) of the interrupter 600, as described in further detail below. The distal end 904 of each piston shaft 900 defines an aperture 908 that is configured to (removably) receive a fastener 910 so as to secure the distal end 904 of each piston shaft 900 to the piston mount 1200, as described in further detail below.

The piston shaft(s) 900 extend distally from the interrupter 600 through the base plate 300 and the dowel mount 700 via the bearing(s) 1100. To facilitate insertion of the piston shaft(s) 900 through the dowel mount 700, the bearing(s) 1100, and base plate 300, and, thus, connection of the piston shaft(s) 900 to the interrupter 600, in certain embodiments, such as that seen throughout the figures, the proximal end 902 of each piston shaft 900 may include a chamfer 912.

With reference now to FIGS. 6 and 9 as well, the bearing(s) 1100 are retained (and concealed) within the openings 322, 718 in the base plate 300 and the dowel mount 700, and are supported by the projections 324, 720, respectively. The bearing(s) 1100 facilitate smooth, linear motion of the piston 1300 and the piston shaft(s) 900 during use of the end effector 10 and may be configured in any manner suitable for this intended purpose. More specifically, each bearing 1100 defines an axial through-bore 1106 that is configured to receive a corresponding piston shaft 900, which facilitates not only controlled, linear motion of the piston shaft(s) 900, but proper location (positioning) of the piston shaft(s) 900 (e.g., relative to the base plate 300 and the dowel mount 700). Thus, in the particular embodiment seen throughout the figures, the end effector 10 includes two bearings 1100. As indicated above, however, embodiments of the disclosure are envisioned in which the number of piston shafts 900 may be varied. As such, embodiments of the disclosure are envisioned in which the number of bearings 1100 may also be varied.

It is envisioned that the bearing(s) 1100 may include (e.g., may be formed partially or entirely from) any material (or combination of materials) suitable for the intended purpose of facilitating linear motion of the piston shaft(s) 900 in the manner described herein. In the particular embodiment seen throughout the figures, for example, the bearing(s) 1100 include (e.g., are formed partially or entirely from) one or more ceramic materials, thereby reducing (if not entirely eliminating) the need for any lubricant (e.g., oil, silicone, etc.). Embodiments of the bearing(s) 1100 including alternate materials, however, would not be beyond the scope of the present disclosure.

With reference again to FIGS. 4 and 5, the piston mount 1200 supports the distal end 904 of each piston shaft 900 within the piston 1300 and may include (e.g., may be formed partially or entirely from) any material (or combination of materials) suitable for this intended purpose. In the embodiment seen throughout the figures, for example, the piston mount 1200 includes (e.g., is formed partially or entirely from) aluminum. It should be appreciated, however, that other materials of construction may be utilized without departing from the scope of the present disclosure and that the piston mount 1200 may be formed through any suitable method of manufacture (e.g., 3-D printing, machining, casting, etc.).

The piston mount 1200 is configured for positioning within an internal cavity 1302 defined by the piston 1300 and is generally annular in configuration. More specifically, the piston mount 1200 defines an opening 1202 that is configured to receive the dowel 800 such that the piston mount 1200 is vertically movable (in the proximal and distal directions) about the dowel during movement (displacement) of the piston shaft(s) 900 and the piston 1300. The piston mount 1200 includes a series of apertures 1204 that are configured to receive corresponding fasteners to thereby connect the piston mount 1200 to the piston shaft(s) 900 and the piston 1300. More specifically, the piston mount 1200 includes a first pair of apertures 1204 i and a second pair of apertures 1204 ii. The apertures 1204 i are configured to receive the fastener(s) 910, which extend into the distal end 904 of each piston shaft 900, to thereby (removably) connect the piston mount 1200 to the piston shaft(s) 900, as indicated above. Thus, in the particular embodiment seen throughout the figures, the piston mount 1200 includes two apertures 1204 i that are separated by approximately 180°. As indicated above, however, embodiments of the disclosure are envisioned in which the number of piston shafts 900 and/or the positions of the piston shaft(s) 900 may be varied. As such, embodiments of the disclosure are envisioned in which the number of apertures 1204 i and/or the positions of the aperture(s) 1204 i may also be varied.

The apertures 1204 ii are configured to receive fasteners 1206, which extend through the piston 1300, so as to (removably) connect the piston 1300 to the piston mount 1200, and, thus, (indirectly) connect the piston 1300 to the piston shaft(s) 900 such that movement (displacement) of the piston 1300 causes corresponding movement (displacement) of the piston mount 1200 and the piston shaft(s) 900 and, thus, the interrupter 600, as described in further detail below. Embodiments of the disclosure are also contemplated herein, however, in which the piston 1300 may be directly connected to the piston shaft(s) 900 via insertion of the fasteners 1206 into the distal end 904 of each piston shaft 900.

In the particular embodiment seen throughout the figures, the piston mount 1200 includes two apertures 1204 ii that are separated by approximately 180°. Embodiments of the disclosure are envisioned, however, in which the number of apertures 1204 ii (and, thus, the number of fasteners 1206) and/or the positions of the apertures 1204 ii may be varied.

With reference now to FIGS. 1-5, 11, and 12, the piston 1300 is operatively (e.g., indirectly) connected to the interrupter 600 via the piston shaft(s) 900 (and the piston mount 1200), whereby linear movement (displacement) of the piston 1300 causes corresponding linear movement (displacement) of the piston mount 1200, the piston shaft(s) 900, and the interrupter 600, as described in further detail below. The piston 1300 is configured for contact (engagement) with the inner surface Di (FIG. 1) of the door D of the vehicle V adjacent to the window channel C so as to transmit an axial (vertical) force to the interrupter 600 through the piston mount 1200 and the piston shaft(s) 900 to vary the position of the interrupter 600 in the manner described herein during use of the end effector 10. The piston 1300 may include any material (or combination of materials) suitable for this intended purpose and may be formed through any suitable method of manufacture (e.g., 3-D printing, machining, casting, etc.). In the particular embodiment of the disclosure seen throughout the figures, the piston 1300 includes (e.g., is formed partially or entirely from) a non-electrostatic material, such as, for example, polylactic acid plastic (PLA), so as not to interfere with the application of paint to the vehicle V. Although shown as being unitary (e.g., integral, monolithic) in construction throughout the figures, embodiments in which the piston 1300 may include a series of discrete components would not be beyond the scope of the present disclosure.

The piston 1300 includes an upper body portion 1304 defining the aforementioned internal cavity 1302 (FIG. 4) as well as a sleeve 1306 and a pad 1308, each of which extends distally from the upper body portion 1304. The upper body portion 1304 includes apertures 1310 that are configured in registration with the apertures 1204 ii in the piston mount 1200 such that the fasteners 1206 extend through the piston 1300 into engagement with the piston mount 1200 to thereby (removably) connect the piston 1300 to the piston mount 1200 and, thus, indirectly connect the piston 1300 to the piston shaft(s) 900 and the interrupter 600. As indicated above, in the particular embodiment seen throughout the figures, the piston mount 1200 includes two apertures 1204 ii that are separated by approximately 180°. Correspondingly, the piston 1300 includes two apertures 1310 that are also separated by approximately 180°. However, as also indicated above, embodiments of the disclosure are envisioned in which the number of apertures 1204 ii and/or the positions of the apertures 1204 ii may be varied. As such, embodiments of the disclosure are envisioned in which the number of apertures 1310 and/or the positions of the apertures 1310 may also be varied.

The sleeve 1306 extends from the upper body portion 1304 of the piston 1300 to a distal (terminal) end 1312 and defines a central longitudinal axis Xs that is generally aligned with a central longitudinal axis Xp of the piston 1300. The sleeve 1306 defines a through-bore 1314 that is configured to receive the dowel 800 such that the dowel 800 extends distally beyond (vertically below) the piston 1300 in a manner allowing for axial movement (displacement) of the piston 1300 in relation to (and about) the dowel 800, as described in further detail below. The sleeve 1306 is generally cylindrical (tubular) in configuration, which allows the sleeve 1306 to entirely circumscribe the dowel 800 so as to eliminate any spacing (gapping) between the dowel 800 and the sleeve 1306. The elimination of any spacing between the dowel 800 and the sleeve 1306 inhibits (if not entirely prevents) the positioning (e.g., wedging) of any material (e.g., sheet metal on the vehicle V) between the pad 1308 and the sleeve 1306, thus guarding against malfunction of the end effector 10 and increasing the overall efficiency of operation.

The through-bore 1314 defines an inner transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) Ds (FIG. 12) that is greater than a maximum outer transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) Dd (FIG. 5) defined by the dowel 800 to allow for insertion of the dowel 800 into the sleeve 1306 and relative movement (displacement) between the piston 1300 and the dowel 800. To increase stability and reduce (if not entirely eliminate) relative lateral movement (displacement) (e.g., shaking, rattling, etc.) between the piston 1300 and the dowel 800, however, it is envisioned that the inner transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) De of the through-bore 1314 may closely approximate the maximum outer transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) Dd defined by the dowel 800. For example, in certain embodiments, it is envisioned that the inner transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) Ds defined by the through-bore 1314 may exceed the maximum outer transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) Dd defined by the dowel 800 by approximately 2% to approximately 10% (or less).

The pad 1308 extends distally from the upper body portion 1304 and radially outward from the sleeve 1306 and includes an outer wall 1316; a pair of sidewalls 1318, 1320; and a (distal) contact surface 1322 that extends between the outer wall 1316 and the sidewalls 1318, 1320. The pad 1308 is formed integrally with the sleeve 1306, which eliminates any spacing (gapping) therebetween so as to inhibit (if not entirely prevent) the positioning of any material (e.g., sheet metal on the vehicle V) between the pad 1308 and the sleeve 1306, again guarding against malfunction of the end effector 10 and increasing the overall efficiency of operation.

The outer wall 1316 of the pad 1308 is arcuate in configuration and is coextensive with an outer wall 1324 defined by the upper body portion 1304 of the pad 1308, which attributes a generally uniform (smooth) outer contour to the piston 1300 that is devoid of any surface irregularities or interruptions. More specifically, as seen in FIGS. 11 and 12, for example, the outer wall 1316 defines an arc that spans a portion of the overall circumference of the piston 1300. The reduced cross-sectional area of the pad 1308 (compared to the cross-sectional area of the upper body portion 1304) restricts contact between the piston 1300 and the door D of the vehicle V to the (non-visible) inner surface Di (FIG. 1) to reduce (if not eliminate) imperfections in the door paint. Additionally, the generally “pie-shaped” configuration of the pad 1308 defined by the outer wall 1316 and the sidewalls 1318, 1320 allows for relative rotational movement (displacement) (e.g., pivoting) between the end effector 10 and the door D during painting while maintaining engagement between the dowel 800 and the window channel C, and, thus, detection of the door D, as discussed below. In the particular embodiment of the disclosure seen throughout the figures, for example, the outer wall 1316 of the pad 1308 defines an arc that spans approximately 90°. The geometry of the piston 1300 thus allows the end effector 10 to rotate (pivot) approximately 120° about the dowel 800 while the dowel 800 is positioned within the window channel C to thereby maintain engagement between the end effector 10 and the door D during such movement. It should be appreciated, however, that the configuration of the pad 1308 may be increased or decreased in alternate embodiments of the piston 1300 to vary the span of the outer wall 1316, and, thus, the effective range of motion of the end effector 10, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure (e.g., depending upon the particular model or style of the vehicle V being painted).

The sidewalls 1318, 1320 of the pad 1308 extend from the outer wall 1316 to the sleeve 1306 and are generally planar in configuration. In the illustrated embodiment, the interfaces defined at the intersections of the sidewalls 1318, 1320 with the outer wall 1316 and the sleeve 1306 are radiused, which reduces the presence of corners, again simplifying cleaning of the end effector 10 as well as assembly and disassembly (e.g., during maintenance and/or part replacement). The sidewalls 1318, 1320 are positioned such that the apertures 1310 formed in the upper body portion 1304 of the piston 1300 are located between the sidewalls 1318, 1320 so as not to interfere with insertion of the fasteners 1206 through the piston 1300.

The contact surface 1322 defined by the pad 1308 extends between the outer wall 1316 and the sidewalls 1318, 1320 to the sleeve 1306 so as to connect the outer wall 1316, the sidewalls 1318, 1320, and the sleeve 1306. In the illustrated embodiment, the interfaces defined at the intersections of the sidewalls 1318, 1320 with the contact surface 1322 are radiused to further reduce the presence of corners, again simplifying cleaning of the end effector 10 as well as assembly and disassembly (e.g., during maintenance and/or part replacement). The contact surface 1322 is generally coextensive with the distal end 1312 of the sleeve 1306 and is configured for contact with the non-visible, inner surfaces Di of the door D (e.g., those surfaces positioned inwardly of the window channel C), as described above and elaborated upon below. More specifically, the contact surface 1322 is generally planar in configuration and extends in generally orthogonal relation to the longitudinal axes Xp, Xs respectively defined by the piston 1300 and the sleeve 1306.

With reference now to FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 4, the distal cover 1400 will be discussed. The distal cover 1400 is positioned about the dowel mount 700, the piston shaft(s) 900, the biasing member(s) 1000, and the upper body portion 1304 of the piston 1300 to conceal and protect the movable components of the end effector 10 (e.g., the piston 1300, the piston mount 1200, the piston shaft(s) 900, and the biasing member(s) 1000) from paint overspray. The distal cover 1400 is unitary (e.g., integral, monolithic) in construction and may include any material (or combination of materials) suitable for this intended purpose. In the particular embodiment of the disclosure seen throughout the figures, the piston 1300 includes (e.g., is formed partially or entirely from) a non-electrostatic material, such as, for example, polylactic acid plastic (PLA), so as not to interfere with the application of paint to the vehicle V. It should be appreciated, however, that the particular material(s) used in construction of the distal cover 1400 may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure and that the distal cover 1400 may be formed through any suitable method of manufacture (e.g., 3-D printing, machining, casting, etc.).

The distal cover 1400 is generally cylindrical (tubular) in configuration and defines a through-bore 1402 that is configured to receive the piston 1300. More specifically, the through-bore 1402 defines an inner transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) Dc greater than a maximum outer transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) Dp defined by the piston 1300 to allow for relative (vertical) movement (displacement) of the piston 1300 through the distal cover 1400. To increase stability and reduce (if not entirely eliminate) relative lateral movement (e.g., shaking, rattling, etc.) between the piston 1300 and the distal cover 1400, however, it is envisioned that the inner transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) Dc of the through-bore 1402 extending through the distal cover 1400 may closely approximate the maximum outer transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) Dp defined by the piston 1300. For example, in certain embodiments, it is envisioned that the inner transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) Dc may exceed the maximum outer transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) Dp by approximately 2% to approximately 10% (or less).

The distal cover 1400 includes respective proximal and distal ends 1404, 1406. The proximal end 1404 includes a series of apertures 1408 that are positioned in registration (alignment) with the apertures 736 in the dowel mount 700 and configured to receive the fasteners 736 to allow for removable connection of the distal cover 1400 to the dowel mount 700. While the dowel mount 700 and the distal cover 1400 are each illustrated as including four apertures 736, 1408, respectively, it should be appreciated that the particular number of apertures 736, 1408 respectively included on the dowel mount 700 and the distal cover 1400 may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

With reference now to FIGS. 1-14, use and operation of the end effector 10 will be discussed in connection with the robotic unit 1. Initially, the robotic unit 1 is positioned such that the end effector 10 is located in proximity to the door D vertically above the window channel C. More specifically, the end effector 10 is positioned such that the pad 1308 of the piston 1300 is vertically aligned with the inner surface Di of the door D and the dowel 800 is vertically aligned with the window channel C. The end effector 10 is then lowered into contact with the door D, whereby the contact surface 1322 (FIGS. 11, 12) of the pad 1308 is brought into contact (engagement) with the inner surface Di and the tip portion 810 of the dowel 800 is inserted into the window channel C.

As the dowel 800 is advanced distally (vertically downward) into the window channel C, contact between the pad 1308 and the inner surface Di causes proximal (vertically upward) displacement (movement) of the piston 1300 (against the bias applied by the biasing member(s) 1000) along the axis of movement Xm (FIG. 4), thereby transitioning the end effector 10 from the passive configuration (FIG. 3A) into the active configuration (FIG. 3B). Due to the connections between the piston 1300, the piston mount 1200, and the piston shaft(s) 900 established by the fasteners 1206, 910, proximal displacement (movement) of the piston 1300 causes corresponding proximal displacement (movement) of the piston shaft(s) 900 and compression of the biasing member(s) 1000 between the piston mount 1200 and the dowel mount 700. Proximal displacement (movement) of the piston shaft(s) 900, in turn, causes corresponding proximal displacement (movement) of the interrupter 600 from the first position (FIG. 3A) to the second position (FIG. 3B) by virtue of the connection between the interrupter 600 and the piston shaft(s) 900 established by the fastener(s) 608.

During movement (displacement) of the interrupter 600 into the second position, the flag 604 is removed from the gap 502 (FIG. 7) defined by the sensor 500, which allows for transmission of the signal S across the sensor 500 and, thus, circuit completion to thereby confirm not only presence of the door D, but positive engagement of the door D by the end effector 10, for the robotic unit 1. The interrupter 600 thus provides an interface between the piston 1300 and the sensor 500 to convert the position and movement (displacement) of the piston 1300 into a (fiber optic) indication of positive engagement between the end effector 10 and the door D (or the lack thereof).

Following circuit completion, the robotic unit 1 can proceed with opening and closure of the door D in accordance with its normal sequence of operation via engagement with the end effector 10 (e.g., as regulated by a controller (not shown)).

After painting of the vehicle V by an additional robotic unit (not shown) (e.g., through the open door D), the end effector 10 can be disengaged from the door D by withdrawing the dowel 800 from the window channel C. As the dowel 800 is withdrawn from the window channel C, the biasing member(s) 1000 expand and urge the piston mount 1200 and, thus, the piston shaft(s) 900, distally (vertically downward) to thereby restore the passive configuration (FIG. 3A) of the end effector 10 by transitioning the end effector 10 from the active configuration (FIG. 3B). Distal movement (displacement) of the piston shaft(s) 900 causes reinsertion of the flag 604 into the gap 502 (FIG. 7) defined by the sensor 500 as the interrupter 600 is returned to the first position (FIG. 3A) as well as distal (vertically downward) movement (displacement) of the piston 1300. The aforedescribed sequence of operation can then be repeated to open and close additional doors D on the vehicle V to allow for additional painting of the vehicle V as necessary.

With reference now to FIGS. 15-25, another embodiment of the end effector will be discussed, which is identified by the reference character 20. Like the end effector 10 (FIGS. 1-14), the end effector 20 is configured for releasable connection to the robotic unit 1 and is reconfigurable between a passive (first) configuration (FIG. 16) and an active (second) configuration (FIG. 17) during engagement with and disengagement from the door D (FIG. 1). As described in detail below, the end effector 20 includes: a mounting flange 1500; a main block 1600; a dowel assembly 1700; a piston assembly 1800; one or more of the aforementioned bearings 1100; a proximity switch 1900; and a cover 2000. In the particular embodiment illustrated throughout the figures, but for the proximity switch 1900, which includes (e.g., is formed from) steel, each component of the end effector 20 includes (e.g., is formed from) aluminum (unless indicated otherwise). It should be appreciated, however, that alternate materials of construction may be employed without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

The mounting flange 1500 (FIGS. 15-19) is configured for connection to (engagement with) the robotic unit 1 and supports the various components of the end effector 20, either directly or indirectly, in a manner similar to that discussed in connection with the base plate 300 (FIGS. 2-7, 9). The mounting flange 1500 includes a generally lachrymiform (e.g., teardrop-shaped) configuration that defines: a main body portion 1502 (FIG. 19); a foot portion 1504; respective upper (outer) and lower (inner) surfaces 1506 u, 1506 l; and a radiused (curved) periphery (outer edge) 1508, which facilitates and promotes enveloping of the mounting flange 1500 by a paint-absorbent wrap (not shown) so as to inhibit (if not entirely prevent) paint from contacting the mounting flange 1500 during application to the vehicle V (FIG. 1). Although shown as being unitary (e.g., integral, monolithic) in construction throughout the figures, embodiments in which the mounting flange 1500 may include a series of discrete components would not be beyond the scope of the present disclosure.

The main body portion 1502 includes one or more (first) apertures 1510 a (FIG. 19) that extend axially (e.g., vertically) therethrough and are each configured to receive a corresponding fastener 1512 i (e.g., a screw) so as to removably (releasably) connect the mounting flange 1500 to the main block 1600. The foot portion 1504 includes one or more (second) apertures 1510 b (FIG. 19) that that extend axially (e.g., vertically) therethrough are each configured to receive a corresponding fastener 1512 ii (e.g., a screw) (FIG. 15) so as to removably (releasably) connect the mounting flange 1500 to the robotic unit 1. Although shown as including four apertures 1510 a and four apertures 1510 b in the particular embodiment illustrated, it should be understood that the number of apertures 1510 a, 1510 b may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure (e.g., depending upon the particular configuration of the robotic unit 1).

The mounting flange 1500 includes (defines) one or more (first) recesses (e.g., countersinks) 1514 a (FIG. 19) that extend (partially) into the upper surface 1506 u and one or more (second) recesses (e.g., countersinks) 1514 b (FIG. 18) that extend (partially) into the lower surface 1506 l. The recess(es) 1514 a are configured to receive corresponding locating member(s) 1516 (e.g., pins or the like) (FIGS. 18, 19), which are configured for receipt within one or more corresponding openings (not shown) in the robotic unit 1 to allow for connection of the end effector 20 to the robotic unit 1 in a single orientation only, thereby inhibiting (if not entirely preventing) improper connection of the end effector 20 to the between the robotic unit 1. The recess(es) 1514 b are configured to accommodate (receive) one or more corresponding fasteners 1512 iii (e.g., screws), which removably (releasably) connect the proximity switch 1900 to the piston assembly 1800, as discussed in further detail below. Although shown as including a single recess 1514 a and a pair of recesses 1514 b in the particular embodiment illustrated, it should be understood that the number of recesses 1514 a, 1514 b may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure (e.g., depending upon the particular configuration of the robotic unit 1, the particular configuration of the proximity switch 1900 and the main block 1600, etc.).

With reference now to FIGS. 15 and 18-20 in particular, the main block 1600 will be discussed. The main block 1600 is configured to conceal and/or protect various components of the end effector 20 (e.g., the proximity switch 1900, the fasteners 1512 iii, the bearing(s) 1100, etc.) so as to inhibit (if not entirely prevent) damage, paint overspray, and/or the intrusion of matter (e.g., dust, debris, etc.) into the end effector 20, and includes a generally cylindrical (tubular) configuration that defines an internal cavity 1602 (FIG. 19) as well as an outer wall 1604 that extends between respective upper and lower ends 1606 u, 1606 l of the main block 1600. As such, in the particular embodiment illustrated, the main block 1600 includes (defines) a generally annular (e.g., a circular or generally circular) transverse cross-sectional configuration. It should be appreciated, however, that alternate (e.g., non-circular) transverse cross-sectional configurations for the main block 1600 would not beyond the scope of the present disclosure.

The internal cavity 1602 houses the proximity switch 1900 (FIGS. 16-18) and is configured to accommodate movement of the piston assembly 1800 through the main block 1600 during reconfiguration of the end effector 20 between the passive configuration (FIG. 16) and the active configuration (FIG. 17). The internal cavity 1602 is in communication with a proximity sensor 1608 (FIGS. 15-17) and an air inlet 1610, each of which is supported by and extends through the outer wall 1604 of the main block 1600.

The outer wall 1604 includes a first (upper) opening 1612 (FIG. 20) and a second (lower) opening 1614, each of which extends transversely (e.g., horizontally) through the outer wall 1604. The first opening 1612 is configured to receive the proximity sensor 1608 (FIG. 15), which communicates with the robotic unit 1, as described in further detail below, and the second opening 1614 is configured to receive the air inlet 1610. Although illustrated as being circumferentially aligned (or generally aligned) throughout the figures, it should be appreciated that the openings 1612, 1614 may be circumferentially offset in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure (e.g., depending upon the particular configuration of the end effector 1). To facilitate engagement of the main block 1600 with the proximity sensor 1608 and the air inlet 1610, in certain embodiments, such as that illustrated throughout the figures, it is envisioned that the openings 1612, 1614, the proximity sensor 1608, and the air inlet 1610 may include corresponding threaded surfaces to facilitate threaded engagement and disengagement (e.g., to allow for repair and/or replacement of the proximity sensor 1608 and/or the air inlet 1610). More specifically, as seen in FIG. 20, for example, the openings 1612, 1614 include respective threading 1616, 1618 that is configured for engagement with corresponding threading (not shown) on the proximity sensor 1608 and the air inlet 1610.

The upper end 1606 u of the main block 1600 includes (defines) an upper end wall 1620 (FIG. 19) with one or more apertures 1622. The apertures 1622 extend axially (e.g., vertically) into the upper end wall 1620 and are in registration (alignment) with the apertures 1510 a extending through the main body portion 1502 of the mounting flange 1500 such that the fasteners 1512 i are insertable through the mounting flange 1500 and into the upper end wall 1620 to thereby releasably connect the main block 1600 to the mounting flange 1500.

The lower end 1606 l of the main block 1600 includes (defines) a lower end wall 1624 (FIG. 20) with one or more apertures 1626 and one or more openings 1628, each of which extends axially (e.g., vertically) therethrough. Each aperture 1626 is configured to receive a corresponding fastener 1512 iv (e.g., a screw) (FIG. 18) so as to removably (releasably) connect the main block 1600 to the dowel assembly 1700, as described in further detail below, and each opening 1628 is configured to receive one of the aforementioned bearings 1100, which allow for linear, vertical movement (displacement) of the piston assembly 1800 relative to (and through) the main block 1600 and the dowel assembly 1700 during use of the end effector 20, as described in further detail below. To facilitate secured reception of the bearing(s) 1100 by the main block 1600, and inhibit (if not entirely prevent) the bearing(s) 1100 from exiting the main block 1600 (in the vertically upward direction), each opening 1628 may include an inwardly extending projection (shoulder) that is configured for contact (engagement) with the bearing(s) 1100, as discussed above in connection with the base plate 300 (FIG. 9).

Although shown as including apertures 1626 and a pair of openings 1628 in the particular embodiment illustrated, it should be understood that the number of apertures 1626 and openings 1628 may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure (e.g., depending upon the particular configuration of the dowel assembly 1700, the number of bearings 1100 included in the end effector 20, etc.).

The lower end 1606 l of the main block 1600 further includes (defines) an air manifold 1630 that facilitates the communication of (pressurized) air from a pressurized air source 2100 (FIG. 15), through the air inlet 1610, into the internal cavity 1602, and through the main block 1600 to positively pressurize the main block 1600 (and the dowel assembly 1700) to not only inhibit (if not entirely prevent) damage, paint overspray, and/or the intrusion of matter (e.g., paint, dust, debris, etc.) into the end effector 20, but inhibit (if not entirely prevent) the application of paint to any movable components of the end effector 20 (e.g., the piston assembly 1800). More specifically, the air manifold 1630 includes an annular (or generally annular) airflow channel 1632 that extends vertically upward (e.g., towards the robotic unit 1) into the lower end wall 1624 as well as one or more airflow pockets 1634 that are in communication with the airflow channel 1632. The airflow channel 1632 is in communication with the air inlet 1610, which operatively (e.g., indirectly) connects the main block 1600 to the pressurized air source 2100, and extends about a periphery 1636 of the lower end 1606 l. The airflow pockets 1634 extend into the airflow channel 1632 so as collect and direct pressurized air A (FIGS. 24, 25) entering the airflow channel 1632 (via the internal cavity 1602 and the air inlet 1610) into and through the dowel assembly 1700 and the piston assembly 1800, as described in further detail below. While the airflow pockets 1634 are illustrated as being annular (or generally annular) in configuration (e.g., crescent-shaped) in the particular embodiment illustrated, it should be appreciated that the configuration of the airflow pockets 1634 may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, it is envisioned that the airflow pockets 1634 may be elliptical in configuration, linear in configuration, etc. Additionally, while the main block 1600 is shown as including four airflow pockets 1634 in the particular embodiment illustrated, it should be understood that the number of airflow pockets 1634 may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure (e.g., depending upon the particular configuration of the dowel assembly 1700 and/or the piston assembly 1800, the desired air flow through the end effector 20, etc.).

With reference now to FIGS. 18 and 21 in particular, the dowel assembly 1700 will be discussed. The dowel assembly 1700 is substantially similar to the aforedescribed dowel mount 700 and dowel 800 (FIGS. 1-14) and, accordingly, will only be discussed with respect to any differences therefrom in the interest of brevity. As such, identical reference characters will be utilized to refer to elements, structures, features, etc., common to the dowel mount 700, the dowel 800, and the dowel assembly 1700.

Together with the main block 1600, the dowel assembly 1700 supports movement (displacement) of the piston assembly 1800 and, thus, the proximity switch 1900, during engagement and disengagement of the end effector 20 and the door D as the end effector 20 transitions between the passive configuration (FIG. 16) and the active configuration (FIG. 17). The dowel assembly 1700 includes a head portion 1702, which is substantially similar to the dowel mount 700, and a dowel 1704, which is substantially similar to the dowel 800. While the head portion 1702 and the dowel 1704 are shown as being unitarily (e.g., integrally, monolithically) formed in the particular embodiment illustrated, it should be appreciated that the head portion 1702 and the dowel 1704 may be configured as separate (discrete) structures that are configured for removable (releasable) connection in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, as discussed above in connection with the dowel mount 700 and the dowel 800.

The head portion 1702 defines an overall contour that corresponds to that defined by the main block 1600, which allows the head portion 1702 to seat within the lower end wall 1624 (e.g., such that the airflow channel 1632 extends about the head portion 1702). As such, in the particular embodiment illustrated, the head portion 1702 of the dowel assembly includes (defines) a generally annular (e.g., a circular or generally circular) transverse cross-sectional configuration. It should be appreciated, however, that alternate (e.g., non-circular) transverse cross-sectional configurations for the head portion 1702 would not beyond the scope of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, it is envisioned that the head portion 1702 may include beveled upper and/or lower edges 1706 u, 1706 l (FIG. 18), respectively, so as to reduce the presence of corners, thereby simplifying cleaning of the dowel assembly 1700 as well as assembly and disassembly of the end effector 20 (e.g., during maintenance and/or part replacement).

The head portion 1702 defines an outer (peripheral) wall 1708 that includes a series of (transversely oriented) apertures 1710. More specifically, the head portion 1702 includes one or more (first) apertures 1710 a and one or more second apertures 1710 b. As discussed in further detail below, each aperture 1710 a is configured to receive a corresponding adjustable fastener 1512 v (e.g., screws) to facilitate secured engagement of the cover 2000 (FIGS. 15-18) and the dowel assembly 1700 and each aperture 1710 b is configured to receive a corresponding (ball) detent assembly 1712 to facilitate connection and disconnection of the cover 2000 and the dowel assembly 1700, as described in further detail below. Although shown as including a single aperture 1710 a and a pair of apertures 1710 b in the particular embodiment illustrated, it should be understood that the number of apertures 1710 a, 1710 b may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure (e.g., depending upon the particular configuration of the cover 2000).

The head portion 1702 also includes a series of apertures and openings that extend axially (e.g., vertically) into or through the head portion 1702. More specifically, the head portion 1702 includes one or more apertures 1710 c, one or more openings 1714, and one or more air holes 1716.

The apertures 1710 c are positioned in registration (alignment) with the apertures 1626 (FIGS. 20, 21) extending through the lower end wall 1624 of the main block 1600 and are each configured to receive the corresponding fastener(s) 1512 iv (FIG. 18) so as to removably (releasably) connect the dowel assembly 1700 to the main block 1600. Although shown as including four apertures 1710 c in the particular embodiment illustrated, it should be understood that the number of apertures 1710 c may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure (e.g., depending upon the particular configuration of the main block 1600 and the dowel assembly 1700).

The opening(s) 1714 are positioned in registration (alignment) with the opening(s) 1628 (FIGS. 20, 21) extending through the lower end wall 1624 of the main block 1600 and are each configured to receive one of the aforementioned bearings 1100 such that the bearing(s) 1100 are supported (positioned) between the main block 1600 and the head portion 1702 of the dowel assembly 1700 in a manner that facilitates for vertical movement (displacement) of the piston assembly 1800 relative to (and through) the head portion 1702 and the main block 1600 during use of the end effector 20 as the end effector 20 transitions between the passive configuration (FIG. 16) and the active configuration (FIG. 17), as described in further detail below. To facilitate secured reception of the bearing(s) 1100 by the head portion 1702, and inhibit (if not entirely prevent) the bearing(s) 1100 from exiting the head portion 1702 (in the vertically downward direction), each opening 1714 may include an inwardly extending projection (shoulder) that is configured for contact (engagement) with the bearing(s) 1100, as discussed above in connection with the dowel mount 700 (FIG. 6).

Although shown as including two openings 1714 in the particular embodiment illustrated, it should be understood that the number of openings 1714 may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure (e.g., depending upon the configuration of the main block 1600, the number of bearings 1100 included in the end effector 20, etc.).

The air hole(s) 1716 extend through the head portion 1702 and are positioned in registration (alignment) with the airflow pocket(s) 1634 of the air manifold 1630 in the main block 1600 such that the pressurized air A (FIGS. 24, 25) collected by the airflow pockets 1634 flows into (and through) the air hole(s) 1716, as described in further detail below. While the air hole(s) 1716 are each illustrated as being annular (or generally annular) in configuration (e.g., circular or generally circular) in the particular embodiment illustrated, it should be appreciated that the configuration of the air hole(s) 1716 may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, it is envisioned that the air hole(s) 1716 may be elliptical in configuration, linear in configuration, etc. Additionally, while the head portion 1702 is shown as including four air holes 1716 in the particular embodiment illustrated, it should be understood that the number of air holes 1716 may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure (e.g., depending upon the particular configuration of the dowel assembly 1700 and/or the main block 1600, the desired air flow through the end effector 20, etc.).

The dowel 1704 extends along the longitudinal axis Xd (FIG. 21) and includes the aforementioned shaft 804 and tip portion 810. The proximal end 806 of the shaft 804 extends from (e.g., is connected to or formed integrally with) the head portion 1702 so as to define a transition 1718. In the particular embodiment illustrated, the transition 1718 includes a tapered configuration (e.g., so as to reduce force concentrations upon engagement of the dowel 1704 with the door D of the vehicle V). Embodiments devoid of the tapered transition 1718, however, would not be beyond the scope of the present disclosure.

As discussed above, the tip portion 810 includes a frusto-conical configuration that tapers inwardly toward the apex 814 to thereby facilitate insertion of the tip portion 810 into the window channel C and allow for relative movement between the door D and the dowel 1704 during manipulation of the door D by the end effector 20.

With reference now to FIGS. 16-18, 22, and 23, the piston assembly 1800 will be discussed, which includes: one or more piston shafts 1802; one or more biasing members 1804; a piston mount (ring) 1806; and a piston 1808. The piston shaft(s) 1802, the biasing member(s) 1804, the piston mount 1806, and the piston 1808 are substantially similar to the piston shaft(s) 900, the biasing member(s) 1000, the piston mount 1200, and the piston 1300 discussed above, respectively, and, accordingly, will only be discussed with respect to any differences therefrom in the interest of brevity. As such, identical reference characters will be utilized to refer to elements, structures, features, etc., common to the piston shaft(s) 1802, 900, the biasing member(s) 1804, 1000, the piston mounts 1806, 1200, and the pistons 1808, 1300.

The piston shaft(s) 1802 support controlled, linear movement (displacement) of the piston 1808 along the axis Xm (FIGS. 16, 17) and, thus, the proximity switch 1900 (FIGS. 16-18), during use of the end effector 20, as described in further detail below. Although illustrated as including two piston shafts 1802 that are separated by approximately 180° in the particular embodiment seen throughout the figures, it should be understood that the particular number of piston shafts 1802 and/or the precise location(s) of the piston shaft(s) 1802 may be varied without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

The piston shafts 1802 are identical in configuration are each configured for coaxial reception by one of the biasing members 1804 such that the biasing member(s) 1804 are supported by the piston shafts 1802 between the piston mount 1806 and the bearings 1100 to thereby bias the end effector 20 towards the passive configuration (FIG. 16). Although shown as including a single biasing member 1804 in the embodiment of the end effector 20 seen throughout the figures, it should be appreciated that one or more biasing member(s) 1804 may be included without departing from the scope of the present disclosure (e.g., to vary the force required to reconfigure the end effector 20 between the passive configuration (FIG. 16) and the active configuration (FIG. 17)).

Each piston shaft 1802 is generally cylindrical (tubular) in configuration and includes respective proximal and distal ends 1810, 1812. The proximal end 1810 of each piston shaft 1802 defines an aperture 1814 (FIG. 16) that is configured to (removably) receive one of the fasteners 1512 iii, thereby removably (releasably) connecting the proximity switch 1900 to the piston shafts 1802, such that movement (displacement) of the piston shaft 1802 causes corresponding movement (displacement) of the proximity switch 1900, as discussed in further detail below. The distal end 1812 of each piston shaft 1802 defines an aperture 1816 that is configured to (removably) receive a fastener 1512 vi so as to removably (releasably) connect the piston shafts 1802 to piston mount 1806, as described in further detail below. In certain embodiments, such as that shown throughout the figures, the distal end 1812 of each piston shaft 1802 may further include a tool engaging portion 1818 with one or more planar (or generally planar) contact surfaces 1820 that are configured to facilitate (or improve) gripping of the piston shafts 1802 and tightening of the fasteners 1512 vi during connection of the piston shafts 1802 to the piston mount 1806.

The piston shafts 1802 extend distally from the proximity switch 1900 and through the main block 1600, the bearings 1100, and the head portion 1702 of the dowel assembly 1700, whereby the bearings 1100 facilitate (support) movement of the piston shafts 1802 during reconfiguration of the end effector 20 between the passive configuration (FIG. 16) and the active configuration (FIG. 17). To facilitate insertion of the piston shafts 1802 through the head portion 1702, the bearings 1100, and the main block 1600, and, thus, connection of the piston shafts 1802 to the proximity switch 1900, in certain embodiments, such as that seen throughout the figures, the proximal end 1810 of each piston shaft 1802 may include a chamfer 1822, as discussed above in connection with the piston shafts 900 (FIG. 5).

With continued reference to FIGS. 16-18, 22, and 23, the piston mount 1806 supports the distal end 1812 of each piston shaft 1802 and is configured for positioning within an internal cavity 1824 (FIGS. 16, 17) defined by the piston 1808. The piston mount 1806 is annular (or generally annular) in configuration (e.g., circular or generally circular) and defines a (central) opening 1826 that is configured to receive the dowel 1704 such that the piston mount 1806 is axially (vertically) movable (in the proximal and distal directions) about the dowel 1704 during movement (displacement) of the piston assembly 1800 and reconfiguration of the end effector 20 between the passive configuration (FIG. 16) and the active configuration (FIG. 17).

The piston mount 1806 includes a series of apertures and openings that extend axially (e.g., vertically) therethrough. More specifically, the piston mount 1806 includes one or more (first) apertures 1828 a, one or more second apertures 1828 b, and one or more air holes 1830. The apertures 1828 a are configured to receive the fasteners 1512 vi such that the fasteners 1512 vi extend through the apertures 1828 a and into the apertures 1816 at the distal ends 1812 of the piston shafts 1802 to thereby removably (releasably) connect the piston mount 1806 to the piston shafts 1802. Thus, in the particular embodiment illustrated, the piston mount 1806 includes two apertures 1828 a that are separated by (approximately) 180°. As indicated above, however, embodiments of the disclosure are envisioned in which the number of piston shafts 1802 and/or the positions of the piston shafts 1802 may be varied. As such, embodiments of the disclosure are envisioned in which the number of apertures 1828 a and/or the positions of the apertures 1828 a may also be varied. The apertures 1828 b are configured to receive fasteners 1512 vii (FIGS. 18, 23), which extend through the piston 1808, so as to removably (releasably) the piston 1808 to the piston mount 1200 and, thus, operatively (e.g., indirectly) connect the piston 1808 to the piston shafts 1802 such that movement (displacement) of the piston 1808 causes corresponding movement (displacement) of the piston mount 1806 and the piston shafts 1802 and, thus, the proximity switch 1900, as described in further detail below. Embodiments of the disclosure are also contemplated herein, however, in which the piston 1808 may be directly connected to the piston shafts 1802 via insertion of the fasteners 1512 vii into the apertures 1816 at the distal ends 1812 of the piston shafts 1802. In the particular embodiment seen throughout the figures, the piston mount 1806 includes two apertures 1828 b that are separated by approximately 180°. Embodiments of the disclosure are envisioned, however, in which the number of apertures 1828 b (and, thus, the number of fasteners 1512 vii) and/or the positions of the apertures 1828 b may be varied.

The air hole(s) 1830 are configured to allow the pressurized air A (FIGS. 24, 25) to flow through the piston mount 1806 via the main block 1600 and the dowel assembly 1700, as described in further detail below. To improve (e.g., maximize, optimize) air flow, in certain embodiments, such as that illustrated throughout FIGS. 15-25, for example, it is envisioned that the air hole(s) 1830 may be positioned in registration (alignment) with the air holes 1716 (FIG. 21) formed in the head portion 1702 of the dowel assembly 1700. While the air hole(s) 1830 are each illustrated as being annular (or generally annular) in configuration (e.g., circular or generally circular) in the particular embodiment illustrated, it should be appreciated that the configuration of the air hole(s) 1830 may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, it is envisioned that the air hole(s) 1830 may be elliptical in configuration, linear in configuration, etc. Additionally, while the piston mount 1806 is shown as including four air holes 1830 in the particular embodiment illustrated, it should be understood that the number of air holes 1830 may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure (e.g., depending upon the particular configuration of the dowel assembly 1700, the main block 1600, and/or the piston 1808, the desired air flow through the end effector 20, etc.).

As discussed above in connection with the piston 1300 (FIGS. 1-14), the piston 1808 is configured for contact (engagement) with the door D of the vehicle V, whereby axial (vertical) force is transmitted to the proximity switch 1900 through the piston mount 1806 and the piston shafts 1802 to vary the (linear, vertical) position of the proximity switch 1900, as described in further detail below.

The piston 1808 includes an upper body portion 1832 defining the aforementioned internal cavity 1824 (FIG. 16, 17) as well as a pad 1834 that extends distally from the upper body portion 1832. The upper body portion 1832 includes a series of apertures and openings that extend axially (e.g., vertically) therethrough. More specifically, the piston 1808 includes one or more apertures 1836 and one or more air holes 1838. The apertures 1836 are configured in registration with the apertures 1828 b in the piston mount 1806 such that the fasteners 1512 vii extend through the piston 1808 and into the apertures 1828 b to thereby removably (releasably) connect the piston 1808 to the piston mount 1806 and, thus, operatively (e.g., indirectly) connect the piston 1808 to the piston shafts 1802 and the proximity switch 1900. As indicated above, in the particular embodiment seen throughout the figures, the piston mount 1806 includes two apertures 1828 b that are separated by approximately 180°. Correspondingly, the piston 1808 includes two apertures 1836 that are also separated by approximately 180°. However, as also indicated above, embodiments of the disclosure are envisioned in which the number of apertures 1828 b in the piston mount 1806 and/or the positions of the apertures 1828 b may be varied. As such, embodiments of the disclosure are envisioned in which the number of apertures 1836 in the piston 1808 and/or the positions of the apertures 1836 may also be varied.

The air hole(s) 1838 are configured to allow the pressurized air A (FIGS. 24, 25) to flow through the piston 1808 via the main block 1600, the dowel assembly 1700, and the piston mount 1806, as described in further detail below. To improve (e.g., maximize, optimize) air flow, in certain embodiments, such as that illustrated throughout FIGS. 15-25, for example, it is envisioned that the air hole(s) 1838 may be positioned in registration (alignment) with the air holes 1830 (FIG. 22) formed in the piston mount 1806. While the air holes 1838 are each illustrated as being annular (or generally annular) in configuration (e.g., circular or generally circular) in the particular embodiment illustrated, it should be appreciated that the configuration of the air holes 1838 may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, it is envisioned that the air hole(s) 1838 may be elliptical in configuration, linear in configuration, etc. Additionally, while the piston 1808 is shown as including four air holes 1838 in the particular embodiment illustrated (e.g., two air holes 1838 on each lateral side of the pad 1834), it should be understood that the number of air holes 1838 may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure (e.g., depending upon the particular configuration of the dowel assembly 1700, the main block 1600, and/or the piston mount 1806, the desired air flow through the end effector 20, etc.).

The pad 1834 extends distally from the upper body portion 1832 and is located radially inward of the apertures 1836 and the air holes 1838 so as not to interfere with insertion of the fasteners 1512 vii through the piston 1808 and into the piston mount 1806 or air flow through the piston 1808. In the particular embodiment illustrated, that pad 1834 and the upper body portion 1832 are unitarily (e.g., integrally, monolithically) formed, which eliminates any spacing (gapping) therebetween so as to inhibit (if not entirely prevent) the positioning of any material (e.g., sheet metal on the vehicle V) between the pad 1834 and the upper body portion 1832, thereby guarding against malfunction of the end effector 20 and increasing the overall efficiency of operation. Embodiments in which the pad 1834 and the upper body portion 1832 may be configured as separate (discrete) structures that are configured for removable (releasable) connection are also contemplated herein and would not be beyond the scope of the present disclosure.

The pad 1834 defines a series of sidewalls 1840 i-1840 iv; a pair of end walls 1842 i, 1842 ii; and a (distal) contact surface 1844 that extends between the sidewalls 1840 and the end walls 1842 and which is configured for contact (engagement) with the door D of the vehicle V. More specifically, the side walls 1840 i, 1840 ii taper inwardly towards the end wall 1842 i and the side walls 1840 iii, 1840 iv taper inwardly towards the end wall 1842 ii, thereby imparting a trapezoidal (or generally trapezoidal) configuration to the pad 1834 that is symmetrical (or generally symmetrical) along intersecting axes Yi, Yii, each of which extend in orthogonal relation to the axes Xm (FIGS. 16, 17), Xd (FIG. 21). The pad 1834 thus defines a maximum transverse cross-sectional dimension (thickness) Tmax at the interface between the sidewalls 1840 i, 1840 iii and the sidewalls 1840 ii, 1840 iv and a minimum transverse cross-sectional dimension (thickness) Tmin at the interface between (intersection of) the sidewalls 1840 i, 1840 ii, and the end wall 1842 i and the interface between (intersection of) the sidewalls 1840 iii, 1840 iv and the end wall 1842 ii, which reduces the cross-sectional area of the pad 1834 (compared to the cross-sectional area of the upper body portion 1832) as well as contact between the piston 1808 and the door D of the vehicle V to reduce (if not eliminate) imperfections in the door paint and the overall surface area of the pad 1834 that may be subject to paint overspray.

While the sidewalls 1840, the end walls 1842, and the contact surface 1844 are each illustrated as being planar (or generally planar) in configuration in the particular embodiment of the piston 1808 seen in FIG. 23, for example, whereby the contact surface 1844 extends in orthogonal (or generally orthogonal) relation to the sidewalls 1840, the end walls 1842, and the axes Xm (FIGS. 16, 17), Xd (FIG. 21), embodiments of the disclosure are also envisioned in which one or more of the sidewalls 1840, the end walls 1842, and the contact surface 1844 may include a non-planar configuration. For example, it is envisioned that one or more of the sidewalls 1840, the end walls 1842, and the contact surface 1844 may include a convex or concave curvature. Additionally (or alternatively), it is envisioned that the interfaces between (intersections of) the sidewalls 1840, the end walls 1842, and/or the contact surface 1844 may be radiused so as to reduce the presence of corners (e.g., to simplify cleaning of the end effector 20 as well as assembly and disassembly).

The piston 1808 includes a through-bore 1846 that extends through the pad 1834 and which is configured to receive the dowel 1704 such that the dowel 1704 extends distally beyond (vertically below) piston 1808 (e.g., the contact surface 1844 defined by the pad 1834) in a manner that not only allows for contact between the dowel 1704 and the vehicle door D, but axial movement (displacement) of the piston 1808 in relation to (and about) the dowel 1704, as described in further detail below. The through-bore 1846 includes an annular (or generally annular) configuration (e.g., circular or generally circular), which allows the through-bore 1846 and the pad 1834 to entirely circumscribe the dowel 1704 so as to reduce (if not entirely eliminate) any spacing (gapping) between the dowel 1704 and the pad 1834, thereby inhibiting (if not entirely preventing) the positioning (e.g., wedging) of any material (e.g., sheet metal on the vehicle V) between the dowel 1704 and the pad 1834, thus guarding against malfunction of the end effector 20 and increasing the overall efficiency of operation.

As discussed above in connection with piston 1300 (FIGS. 4, 11, 12), the through-bore 1846 defines an inner transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) that is greater than a maximum outer transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) defined by the dowel 1704 to allow for insertion of the dowel 1704 into the pad 1834 and relative movement (displacement) between the piston 1808 and the dowel 1704. However, it is envisioned that the inner transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) of the through-bore 1846 may closely approximate the maximum outer transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) defined by the dowel 1704 (e.g., to increase stability and reduce (if not entirely eliminate) relative lateral movement (displacement) (e.g., shaking, rattling, etc.) between the piston 1808 and the dowel 1704).

With reference now to FIGS. 16-18, the proximity switch 1900 will be discussed. The proximity switch includes one or more apertures 1902 that extend axially (e.g., vertically) therethrough. The apertures 1902 are configured to receive the fasteners 1512 iii (e.g., screws) such that the proximity switch 1900 is removably (releasably) connected to (supported by) the proximal ends 1810 of the piston shafts 1802, which allows for repositioning of the proximity switch 1900 between a normal (first) position (FIG. 16) and a displaced (second) position (FIG. 17) during movement (displacement) of the piston shafts 1802 as the end effector 20 transitions between the passive and active configurations respectively illustrated in FIGS. 16 and 17. In the first position, the proximity switch 1900 is aligned (or generally aligned) with the proximity sensor 1608, which causes the proximity sensor 1608 to communicate, generate, or otherwise transmit a signal to the robotic unit 1 informing the robotic unit 1 that the door D has not been engaged by the end effector 20. In the second position, the proximity switch 1900 is displaced from (e.g., positioned above), and is out of alignment with, the proximity sensor 1608, which causes the proximity sensor 1608 to communicate, generate, or otherwise transmit a signal to the robotic unit 1 informing the robotic unit 1 that the door D is present and engaged by the end effector 20. As indicated above, the biasing member(s) 1804 act to bias the end effector 20 towards the passive configuration (FIG. 16), which results in a corresponding bias of the proximity switch 1900 towards the normal position.

In the particular embodiment of the disclosure illustrated in FIGS. 15-25, the proximity switch 1900 includes a ferromagnetic material, and the proximity sensor 1608 is configured to generate (produce) a magnetic (inductive) field, which allows for detection of the proximity switch 1900 by the proximity sensor 1608 when positioned adjacent thereto (e.g., when the proximity switch 1900 is aligned (or generally aligned) with the proximity sensor 1608). It should be appreciated, however, that the particular materials of construction and methodology employed may be altered in various embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure and that proximity switch 1900 and the proximity sensor 1608 may include any material (or combination of materials), and may be employed in any manner, suitable for the intended purpose of informing the robotic unit 1 as to the presence (engagement) and absence (disengagement) of the door D in the manner described herein.

With reference now to FIGS. 15 and 18 in particular, the cover 2000 will be discussed. The cover 2000 positioned about the piston assembly 1800 and the dowel assembly 1700 in adjacent (or generally adjacent) (e.g., contacting) relation to the lower end 1606 l of the main block 1600 to conceal and protect the movable components of the end effector 20 (e.g., the piston 1808, the piston mount 1806, the piston shafts 1802, and the biasing member(s) 1804) so as to inhibit (if not entirely prevent) damage, paint overspray, and/or the intrusion of matter (e.g., paint, dust, debris, etc.) into the end effector 20.

The distal cover 2000 is unitary (e.g., monolithic) in construction and includes a cylindrical (or generally cylindrical) (e.g., tubular) configuration that defines a through-bore 2002. The through-bore 2002 is configured to receive the piston 1808 and defines an inner transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) greater than a maximum outer transverse cross-sectional dimension (diameter) defined by the piston 1808, as discussed above in connection with the piston 1300 (FIGS. 4, 11, 12) and the distal cover 1400, to allow for relative axial (vertical) movement (displacement) of the piston 1808 through the cover 2000.

The cover 2000 includes a proximal end 2004 with a series of apertures 2006 that extend transversely (e.g., horizontally) therethrough and a distal end 2008. More specifically, the proximal end 2004 of the cover includes one or more (first) apertures 2006 a and one or more second apertures 2006 b that are positioned in registration (alignment) with the aperture(s) 1710 a, 1710 b (FIG. 21) in the head portion 1702 of the dowel assembly 1700, respectively. The aperture(s) 2006 a are configured to receive the adjustable fastener(s) 1512 v (FIGS. 18, 21) to facilitate secured engagement of the cover 2000 and the dowel assembly 1700 and the aperture(s) 2006 b that are configured to receive a corresponding retainer 2010. Each retainer 2010 is configured for engagement with the aforementioned corresponding (ball) detent assembly 1712 such that axial (vertical) movement of the cover 2000 in relation to the dowel assembly 1700 causes inward and outward movement of the detent assembly(ies) 1712, which supports removable connection of the cover 2000 and the dowel assembly 1700. More specifically, during disconnection of the cover 2000, following loosening of the adjustable fastener 1512 v, as the cover 2000 is displaced axially (vertically) downward (e.g., away from the main block 1600), the retainer(s) 2010 cause inward (radial) displacement of the detent assembly(ies) 1712, which allows for removal of the detent assembly(ies) 1712 from the retainer(s) 2010 and disengagement of the cover 2000 from the dowel assembly 1700. Oppositely, during connection of the cover 2000, as the cover 2000 is displaced axially (vertically) upward (e.g., towards the main block 1600), the retainer(s) 2010 cause inward (radial) displacement of the detent assembly(ies) 1712, which allows for insertion of the detent assembly(ies) 1712 into the retainer(s) 2010 and engagement of cover 2000 and the dowel assembly 1700, after which, the adjustable fastener 1512 v can be tightened to further secure the cover 2000 in place. Although shown as including a single aperture 2006 a and a pair of apertures 2006 b in the particular embodiment illustrated, it should be understood that the number of apertures 2006 a, 2006 b may be varied in alternate embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure (e.g., depending upon the particular configuration of the dowel assembly 1700).

With reference now to FIGS. 15-25, use and operation of the end effector 20. Following connection of the mounting flange 1500 to the robotic unit (e.g., via the fasteners 1512 ii), the robotic unit 1 is positioned such that the end effector 20 is located in proximity to the door D. More specifically, the end effector 10 is positioned such that the dowel 800 is vertically aligned with the window channel C and the end effector 20 is lowered into contact with the door D, whereby the contact surface 1844 (FIG. 23) defined by the pad 1834 is brought into contact (engagement) with the door D and the tip portion 810 of the dowel 800 is inserted into the window channel C.

As the dowel 1704 is advanced distally (vertically downward) into the window channel C, contact between the pad 1834 and the door D causes axial (proximal, vertically upward) displacement (movement) of the piston 1808 (against the bias applied by the biasing member 1804) along the axis of movement Xm (FIGS. 16, 17), thereby transitioning the end effector 20 from the passive configuration (FIG. 16) into the active configuration (FIG. 17).

During proximal movement of the piston 1808, as the end effector 20 transitions from the passive configuration into the active configuration, the through-bore 2002 (FIG. 18) defined by the cover 2000, and the components located therein (e.g., the dowel assembly 1700), become exposed to the ambient. The pressurized air A (FIGS. 24, 25) flowing through the end effector 20 (via the air inlet 1610 (FIG. 15), the air manifold 1630 (FIG. 20) on the main block 1600, the dowel assembly 1700, and the piston assembly 1800), however, inhibits (if not entirely prevents) damage, paint overspray, and/or the intrusion of matter (e.g., paint, dust, debris, etc.) into the end effector 20.

Due to the connections between the piston 1808, the piston mount 1806, and the piston shafts 1802 established by the fasteners 1512 vi, 15 vii, proximal displacement (movement) of the piston 1808 causes corresponding proximal displacement (movement) of the piston shafts 1802 and compression of the biasing member 1804 between the piston mount 1806 and the bearings 1100, as can be appreciated through reference to the transition illustrated in FIGS. 16 and 17. By virtue of the connection between the proximity switch 1900 and the piston shafts 1802 established by the fasteners 1512 iii, proximal displacement (movement) of the piston shafts 1802 triggers the proximity switch 1900 by causing corresponding proximal displacement (movement) thereof from the normal position (FIG. 16) to the displaced position (FIG. 17), during which, the fasteners 1512 iii are received by the recesses 1514 b (FIG. 18) that extend into the lower surface 1506 l of the mounting flange 1500. As the proximity switch 1900 moves through the internal cavity 1602 (FIGS. 16, 17, 19), the proximity switch 1900 is protected (concealed) by the main block 1600 and the mounting flange 1500, thereby inhibiting (if not entirely preventing) any operational compromise that may otherwise result from, paint overspray or the intrusion of matter (e.g., paint, dust, debris, etc.).

During movement (displacement) of the proximity switch 1900 into the second position, as the proximity switch 1900 is moved out of alignment with the proximity sensor 1608, the proximity sensor 1608 transmits a signal to the robotic unit 1 that not only confirms the presence of the door D, but that the door D is positively engaged by the end effector 20. The proximity switch 1900 thus provides an interface between the piston 1808 and the proximity sensor 1608 that allows for the conversion of information concerning the position of the piston 1808 into an indication of positive engagement between the end effector 20 and the door D (or the lack thereof).

Following the determination by the robotic unit 1 that the door D is present and engaged by the end effector 20, the robotic unit 1 can proceed with opening and closure of the door D in accordance with its normal sequence of operation via engagement with the end effector 20 (e.g., as regulated by a controller (not shown)).

After painting of the vehicle V by an additional robotic unit (not shown) (e.g., through the open door D), the end effector 20 can be disengaged from the door D by withdrawing the dowel 1704 from the window channel C. As the dowel 1704 is withdrawn from the window channel C, the biasing member 1804 expands and urge the piston mount 1806 and, thus, the piston shafts 1802, distally (vertically downward) to thereby restore the passive configuration (FIG. 16) of the end effector 20 by transitioning the end effector 20 from the active configuration (FIG. 17). Distal movement (displacement) of the piston shafts 1802 causes realignment of the proximity switch 1900 with the proximity sensor 1608 as the proximity switch 1900 is returned to the normal position (FIG. 16) as well as distal (vertically downward) movement (displacement) of the piston 1808. The aforedescribed sequence of operation can then be repeated to open and close additional doors D on the vehicle V to allow for additional painting of the vehicle V as necessary.

Persons skilled in the art will understand that the various embodiments of the disclosure described herein and shown in the accompanying figures constitute non-limiting examples, and that additional components and features may be added to any of the embodiments discussed herein without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Additionally, persons skilled in the art will understand that the elements and features shown or described in connection with one embodiment may be combined with those of another embodiment without departing from the scope of the present disclosure and will appreciate further features and advantages of the presently disclosed subject matter based on the description provided. Variations, combinations, and/or modifications to any of the embodiments and/or features of the embodiments described herein that are within the abilities of a person having ordinary skill in the art are also within the scope of the disclosure, as are alternative embodiments that may result from combining, integrating, and/or omitting features from any of the disclosed embodiments.

Use of the term “optionally” with respect to any element of a claim means that the element may be included or omitted, with both alternatives being within the scope of the claim. Additionally, use of broader terms, such as “comprises,” “includes,” and “having,” should be understood to provide support for narrower terms, such as “consisting of,” “consisting essentially of,” and “comprised substantially of.” Accordingly, the scope of protection is not limited by the description set out above but is defined by the claims that follow and includes all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims.

In the preceding description, reference may be made to the spatial relationship between the various structures illustrated in the accompanying drawings, and to the spatial orientation of the structures. However, as will be recognized by those skilled in the art after a complete reading of this disclosure, the structures described herein may be positioned and oriented in any manner suitable for their intended purpose. Thus, the use of terms such as “above,” “below,” “upper,” “lower,” “inner,” “outer,” “left,” “right,” “upward,” “downward,” “inward,” “outward,” etc., should be understood to describe a relative relationship between the structures and/or a spatial orientation of the structures. Those skilled in the art will also recognize that the use of such terms may be provided in the context of the illustrations provided by the corresponding figure(s).

Additionally, terms such as “approximately,” “generally,” “substantially,” and the like should be understood to allow for variations in any numerical range or concept with which they are associated. For example, it is intended that the use of terms such as “approximately” and “generally” should be understood to encompass variations on the order of 25%, or to allow for manufacturing tolerances and/or deviations in design.

Each and every claim is incorporated as further disclosure into the specification and represents embodiments of the present disclosure. Also, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” and “A and/or B and/or C” should each be interpreted to include only A, only B, only C, or any combination of A, B, and C. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An end effector configured for connection to a robotic unit used to manipulate a vehicle door, the end effector comprising: a mounting flange configured for connection to the robotic unit; a main block connected to the mounting flange; a proximity sensor supported by the main block and in communication with the robotic unit; and a piston assembly defining a contact surface configured for engagement with the vehicle door, the piston assembly connected to a proximity switch and being movable through the main block such that the proximity switch is repositionable between a normal position, in which the proximity switch is generally aligned with the proximity sensor, and a displaced position, in which the proximity switch is out of alignment with the proximity sensor to thereby inform the robotic unit that the vehicle door is present and engaged with the end effector.
 2. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the proximity switch includes a ferromagnetic material.
 3. The end effector of claim 1, wherein the piston assembly is configured for linear, vertical movement through the main block.
 4. The end effector of claim 1, further including a dowel assembly configured for insertion into a window channel of the vehicle door, the dowel assembly being connected to the main block and extending through the piston assembly such that the dowel assembly extends beyond the contact surface.
 5. The end effector of claim 4, wherein the piston assembly includes a piston and a piston shaft operatively connected to the piston.
 6. The end effector of claim 5, wherein the piston assembly further includes a piston mount connected to the piston and the piston shaft.
 7. The end effector of claim 6, wherein the proximity switch is connected to the piston shaft.
 8. The end effector of claim 7, wherein the piston shaft extends through the dowel assembly.
 9. The end effector of claim 8, further including a bearing positioned between the main block and the dowel assembly, the bearing facilitating movement of the piston shaft during repositioning of the proximity switch between the normal position and the displaced position.
 10. The end effector of claim 9, further including a biasing member supported by the piston shaft such that the biasing member is positioned between the bearing and the piston mount to thereby bias the proximity switch towards the normal position.
 11. An end effector configured for connection to a robotic unit used to manipulate a vehicle door, the end effector comprising: a main block configured for operative connection to a pressurized air source such that pressurized air is communicable through the main block to inhibit paint overspray and/or any intrusion of matter into the end effector; and a piston assembly movable through the main block upon engagement with the vehicle door to thereby trigger a proximity sensor and inform the robotic unit that the vehicle door is present and engaged with the end effector.
 12. The end effector of claim 11, wherein the main block includes an air manifold configured for communication with the pressurized air source to facilitate flow of the pressurized air through the main block.
 13. The end effector of claim 12, wherein the air manifold extends about a periphery of the main block.
 14. The end effector of claim 12, further including a dowel assembly connected to the main block and extending through the piston assembly such that the dowel assembly is engageable with the vehicle door.
 15. The end effector of claim 14, wherein the dowel assembly includes at least one air hole extending therethrough in communication with the air manifold to facilitate flow of the pressurized air through the dowel assembly.
 16. The end effector of claim 15, wherein the main block includes at least one airflow pocket in communication with the air manifold, the at least one airflow pocket being generally aligned with the at least one air hole extending through the dowel assembly to direct the pressurized air from the air manifold through the at least one air hole.
 17. A method of using a robotic unit to open a vehicle door during manufacture, the method comprising: contacting the vehicle door with an end effector connected to the robotic unit to thereby displace a proximity switch supported internally within the end effector and inform the robotic unit that the vehicle door is present and engaged by the end effector; and flowing pressurized air through the end effector to inhibit paint overspray and/or any intrusion of matter into the end effector.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein contacting the vehicle door includes displacing a piston assembly of the end effector, the proximity switch being connected to the piston assembly.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein flowing pressurized air through the end effector includes pressurizing a main block configured to accommodate movement of the piston assembly during displacement.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein pressurizing the main block includes flowing the pressurized air through an air manifold defined by the main block such that the pressurized air is communicated through a dowel assembly, the dowel assembly being connected to the main block and extending through the piston assembly such that the dowel assembly is engageable with the vehicle door. 